Due to high prevalence in the pediatric population, chronic recurrent course and difficulties in choosing the local therapy, atopic dermatitis is an urgent problem for pediatricians, dermatologists and allergists. The review presents data on the prevalence and features of the clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis in various age periods. The authors consider structural, functional and immunological features of the skin barrier are considered in detail under normal and under pathological conditions. They emphasize the problems of quality of life, compliance and steroidophobia of patients with atopic dermatitis. Particular attention is paid to the concept of sensitive skin, the definition of this concept and the localization of sensitive skin area on the surface of the body. The article describes approaches to the method of choosing external therapy according to the European guidelines for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in 2018. It presents a modern practical algorithm for prescribing local anti-inflammatory drugs (topical glucocorticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors) taking into account the severity of the clinical manifestations of the disease and the areas of application (sensitive skin areas/other parts of the body). The authors provide evidence of the efficacy and safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors, in particular pimecrolimus, in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate severity of atopic dermatitis, especially in sensitive skin areas.

The review provides current data on terminology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, clinic and differential diagnosis of diaper dermatitis (DD). Particular attention is paid to approaches to the prevention and treatment of DD. Modern emollients and moisturisers, production technologies and possibilities of superabsorbing diapers have made it possible to significantly facilitate skin care for newborns and infants, and reduce the frequency and severity of the clinical manifestations of this disease. The key to successful prevention of DD is raising parents’ awareness and teaching them how to care for their baby’s skin.

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In the review article the basic problems of children’s health of young age are considered deficiency of vitamins and minerals at breastfeeding, complexity of skin care, allergies, acute respiratory viral infections. Attention is paid to hypovitaminosis and nipple cracks in mothers during lactation, as well as to the necessity of vitamin-mineral complexes subsidizing and mammary gland skin care during this period. Proper care for a child of early age is a guarantee of his health and harmonious development. Paediatricians should promote maternal literacy in modern methods of child care, disease prevention and treatment.