Peptide toxins of arthropods are one of the potential sources of bioactive substances. Toxins are able to bind to calcium channels and block them. Ca 2+ ions play an important role in many cell processes, in particular, in apoptosis. In this work, we study the effect of some arthropod toxins on intracellular processes associated with the induction of apoptosis. Synthetic analogs of U 5-scytotoxin-Sth1a, ω-hexatoxin-Hv1a, ω-theraphotoxin-Hhn2a, and μ-agatoxin-Aa1a toxins-inhibitors of calcium L, P, and Q channels and sodium channels were used in the study. Apoptosis was induced by AC-1001 H3 peptide. We study the effect of toxins on the level of apoptosis, ROS, mitochondrial potential, GSH, and ATP in CHO-K1 cells. We show that all the tested toxins are able to dose dependently block the induction of apoptosis triggered by AC-1001 H3 and reduce the level of natural apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells. Cell incubation with apoptosis inducer AC-1001 H3 in the presence and absence of toxins causes an increase in the intracellular concentrations of ROS, ATP, and mitochondrial potential and decreases the GSH concentration. The present study reveals the antiapoptotic effect of a number of arthropod peptide toxins. The toxins studied can represent a novel approach used in the treatment of pathologies associated with the activation of apoptotic mechanisms.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an irreversible functional and structural injury. Restoration of normal oxygen concentration exacerbates the emergence and development of deadly cells. One of the possible moments of reperfusion damage to cells is an increase in the intracellular concentration of sodium ions. In this article, we study the mu-agatoxin-Aa1a, a modulator of sodium channels, on the processes of IRI cells damage. The toxin was synthesized using an automatic peptide synthesizer. Hypoxia was induced by reducing the content of serum and oxygen in the CHO-K1 culture. The influence of the toxin on the level of apoptosis; intracellular concentration of sodium, calcium, and potassium ions; intracellular pH; totality of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and ATP; and changes in the mitochondrial potential were studied. The experiments performed show that mu-agatoxin-Aa1a effectively prevents IRI of cells. Toxin reduces the level of apoptosis and prevents a decrease in the intracellular concentration of sodium and calcium ions during IRI. Mu-agatoxin-Aa1a contributes to the maintenance of elevated intracellular pH, reduces the intracellular concentration of ROS, and prevents the decrease in intracellular NO concentration and mitochondrial potential under conditions of reoxygenation/reperfusion. An analysis of experimental data shows that the mu-agatoxin-Aa1a peptide has adaptogenic properties. In the future, this peptide can be used to prevent ischemia/reperfusion tissue damage different genesis.

In this paper, we have studied the role of chromosomal abnormalities in the expression of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) of radioresistant (K562) and radiosensitive (HL-60) leukemia cell line. Cells were exposed to an X-ray dose of 4 Gy. SnoRNA expression was investigated using NGS sequencing. The distribution of expressed snoRNAs on chromosomes has been found to be different for two cell lines. The most significant differences in the expression of snoRNAs were found in the K562 cell line based on the analysis of the dynamics of log2fc values. The type of clustering, the number and type of snoRNAs slightly differed in the chromosomes with trisomy and monosomy and had a pronounced difference in pairs with marker chromosomes in both cell lines. In this study, we have demonstrated that chromosomal abnormalities alter the expression of snoRNA after irradiation. Trisomies and monosomies do not have such a noticeable effect on the expression of snoRNAs as the presence of marker chromosomes.

The mechanism responsible for the oxidative stress induction due to laser irradiation at 1265-1270 nm is still unclear. Thermal effects caused by irradiation are the main factors to be eliminated. In this study, low-level laser radiation (LLLI) has been used at 1265 nm to avoid side effects associated with the thermal denaturation of biomolecules and provide conditions that at least theoretically exclude singlet oxygen generation by direct 3O2 → 1O2 transition. Here, we report on the experimental results highlighting mitochondrial role in the oxidative stress provoked by LLLI within the wavelength range 1260-1275 nm. We study the dynamics of oxidative stress, mitochondrial potential, cardiolipin oxidation, cell death, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage in the HCT-116 cell line exposed to low-level laser irradiation at 1265 nm. We demonstrate that the laser radiation at 1265 nm can induce the oxidative stress and disturb mitochondrial functioning at the energy density as low as 3.15 J/ cm2 and 9.45 J/cm2, respectively. Noteworthy, LLLI at 1265 nm damages mitochondrial DNA but does not affect the nuclear DNA. The performed experiments brought us to the conclusion that the laser irradiation at 1265 nm can affect intracellular processes through mitochondrial damage.

Статья посвящена сравнительной оценке состава и свойств молозива как основного сырья для производства продуктов специализированного питания. Исследования были проведены по физико-химическим показателям, включая белковый, аминокислотный и жирно-кислотный состав в молозиве первых 2 дней после отела и до 7 сут включительно. Сравнительный анализ показал, что состав молозива значительно меняется от времени его получения. Наиболее выраженные изменения отмечены по массовым долям белка, жира и сухих веществ. Массовая доля белка изменялась с 19,02 % в первые сутки получения до 6,56 % на 7-е сут. Соотношение сывороточных (СБ) и казеиновых белков (КБ) менялось значительно с СБ/КБ 80:20 до СБ/КБ 40:60 на 2- и 7-е сут соответственно. Также наблюдалось снижение физико-химических показателей с первых до 7-х сут по содержанию массовой доли жира в 2,2 раза, массовой доли белка в 3,6 раза, сухие вещества уменьшались пропорционально снижению массовой доли белка (в 3,4 раза). Наибольшее снижение содержания сухих веществ, белка и жира наблюдалось в молозиве на вторые сутки, в последующем изменения в содержании данных веществ были менее значительны и касались только соотношений белковых фракций СБ и КБ и самого состава сывороточных белков (снижения иммуноглобулинов). Сравнительный анализ жирно-кислотного состава жировой фазы молозива и молока коровьего сырого позволил установить значительное снижение содержания насыщенных жирных кислот (НЖК) в 2,5-3,0 раза при значительном увеличении содержания полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ПНЖК) - олеиновой, линолевой, арахиновой и др. - практически в 3,0-3,5 раза. Также отмечено высокое содержание в молозиве незаменимых аминокислот лизина, глицина, метионина и триптофана, данная тенденция сохраняется и не зависит от времени получения молозива. Проведенные исследования позволяют сделать вывод о высокой биологической ценности молозива и возможности его использования в качестве компонента для обогащения при производстве продуктов специализированного питания. The article is devoted to a comparative assessment of the composition and properties of colostrum as the main raw material for the production of specialized food products. Therefore, studies of colostrum were carried out in terms of physicochemical parameters, including studies of the protein, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the first 2 days after calving, and colostrum 5 and 7 days. A comparative analysis showed that the composition of colostrum varies significantly from the time of its receipt. The most pronounced changes were noted in the mass fractions of protein, fat and solids. The mass fraction of protein changed from 19.02 % on the first day of receipt to 6.56 % on the 7th day. The ratio of whey (WP) and casein proteins (CP) changed significantly from WP/CP 80:20 to CP/CP 40:60 on days 2 and 7, respectively. Also, a decrease in physicochemical parameters from 1 to 7 days was observed in terms of the content of the mass fraction of fat by 2.2 times, the mass fraction of protein by 3.6 times, dry matter decreased in proportion to the decrease in the mass fraction of protein (by 3.4 times). It was also noted that the greatest decrease in the content of solids, protein and fat was observed in colostrum on the second day, subsequent changes in the content of these substances were less significant and the changes concerned only the ratios of protein fractions of SB and CB and the composition of whey proteins (decrease in immunoglobulins). A comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of the fatty phase of colostrum and raw cow's milk made it possible to establish a significant decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) by 2.5-3 times with a significant increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (oleic, linoleic, arachidic, etc.) almost 3-3.5 times. Also, a high content of essential amino acids lysine, glycine, methionine and tryptophan in colostrum was noted, this trend persists and does not depend on the time of receipt of colostrum. The conducted studies allow us to draw a conclusion about the high biological value of colostrum and the possibility of its use as a component for enrichment in the production of specialized food products.