Цель. Выявить особенности суточных колебаний потребности в инсулине и чувствительности к инсулину у детей и подростков с сахарным диабетом 1 типа (СД1), получающих интенсифицированную инсулинотерапию путем постоянной подкожной инфузии инсулина (ППИИ), а также закономерностей их изменения в различные возрастные периоды для оптимизации настроек инсулиновой помпы. Материалы и методы. В исследование вошли 138 детей и подростков с СД1 в возрасте 1-18 лет, получающих интенсифицированную инсулинотерапию путем ППИИ. Все пациенты были разделены на 3 возрастные группы: дошкольники младше 6 лет (n=23), дети до пубертата от 6 до 12 лет (n=39), подростки от 12 до 18 лет (n=76). В каждой группе проанализированы схемы проводимой инсулинотерапии, в том числе среднесуточная доза инсулина (СДИ), соотношение суточной дозы инсулина, вводимого в базальном и болюсном режиме, профили введения инсулина в базальном режиме за сутки, углеводные коэффициенты (УК), факторы чувствительности к инсулину (ФЧИ). Результаты. В ходе исследования обнаружены возрастные особенности изменения потребности в инсулине, вводимом в базальном режиме и болюсно в течение суток. Маленьким детям требуется более высокая скорость инфузии инсулина в базальном режиме в вечерние часы и в первую половину ночи, а минимальная-днем. Детям старшего возраста и подросткам для достижения индивидуальных целевых показателей гликемии требуется более высокая скорость инфузии инсулина в базальном режиме в ранние утренние часы. Также во всех возрастных группах обнаружена зависимость значений УК и ФЧИ от времени суток. Заключение. СДИ, соотношение дозы вводимого в базальном режиме и болюсно инсулина, а также циркадный профиль изменения потребности в инсулине и чувствительности к инсулину существенно зависят от возраста. Полученные в ходе исследования коэффициенты для расчета доз болюсов инсулина значимо отличаются от значений, получаемых с помощью наиболее известных формул. Для индивидуальной настройки инсулиновой помпы с учетом возрастных особенностей используемые формулы для расчета показателей следует модифицировать путем введения в них поправочных коэффициентов. Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет; помповая инсулинотерапия; постоянная подкожная инфузия инсулина; калькулятор болюсов; углеводный коэффициент; фактор чувствительности к инсулину, базальный режим Age-adjustment of insulin pump settings in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Adequate glycemic control remains an unresolved problem for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The use of new insulin analogsand intense insulinotherapy does not always permit to achieve the target levels of glycemia and HbA1c. To-day insulin pump therapy is considered tobe the most efficacious tool for the improvement of glycemic control.Aim. To estimate results of glycemic control in children and adolescents treated by insulin pump therapy. Materials and methods. The study included 173 patients aged 1.5-22 years having the disease for 0.5-20 years. MiniMed 508, MiniMed 712,MiniMed 722, Accu Check Spirit, Accu check D-Tron, Dana Care IIs pumps, ultrashort-acting insulins aspart and lispro were used. The patientsperformed self-control of glycemia 4-8 times during 24 hours. HbA1c was measured before and 12, 24, 36, 48 months after the onset of therapy. Thefrequency of DKA and severe hypoglycemia was recorded. Results. The HbA1c before the onset of therapy was 9.8 ?2.0% and dropped to 8.6; 8.7; 8.7; 8.9 and 9% 12, 24, 36, 48 months after it respectively.DKA was diagnosed in 20 (2.4%) and severe hypoglycemia in 5 patients. All patients in the CSII group were content with the use of the pumps, theabsence of injections and flexible day regimen. Conclusion. One year after the beginning of therapy the level of HbA1c significantly decreased. However, it increased again during a follow-up of5 years probably because of impaired compliance. This fact implies the necessity to regular repeat patient education for raising awareness of and motivationfor self-management.

Background. Insulin pump therapy in increasingly frequently used in the Russian Federation in recent years, which requires an evaluation of the treatment in order to improve its efficacy and safety. Objective — the study was aimed at complex monitoring (long-term efficacy and safety, state of medical care, factors associated with metabolic control, and factors hindering its use) of the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) from various regions of the Russian Federation. Material and methods. Data of 395 DM1 children and adolescents from 60 regions of the Russian Federation were collected from the pediatric CSII register of the Endocrinology Research Center. The following data were analyzed in different age groups (0 to 7 years, 8 to 11 years, 12 to 17 years, and 18 to 25 years): glycemic control, the incidence of acute complications, discontinuation of CSII, characteristic features of blood glucose monitoring, and supplies coverage. Results. Initiation of CSII is accompanied by decrease in HbA1c level with the lowest values within the period from 6 to 24 months (–0.7±1.5% compared to the baseline level). However, 6 years after CSII initiation, HbA1c values do not differ significantly from the baseline values. The target HbA1c level (less than 7.5%) is observed in 43.6% of children aged 0 to 7 years, 32.7% of children aged 8 to 11 years, 24.2% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, and 28% of young adults aged 18 to 25 years. Regular self-monitoring of glycemia, 4 and more times per day, was performed by 83% of patients, while the frequency of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was low, 12.7% in the whole population. The incidence of acute complications in children and adolescents under 18 years did not differ significantly and the lowest incidence was observed in the age group 18 to 25 years. The effectiveness of CSII depended on the frequency of self-monitoring, CGM use, and supplies coverage. CSII discontinuation rate was 4.6 cases per 100 patient-years. The main reasons for discontinuation of CSII included the inconvenience of its use and the cost of supplies. Conclusions. Many children and the majority of adolescents with DM1, who use CSII, did not reach target HbA1c level despite the adequate self-monitoring. Many patients do not use CGM and refuse CSII. This necessitates the efforts to improve the efficacy and overcome barriers to the use of CGM and CSII.

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Diabetes mellitus detected within the first 6 months of life is termed neonatal diabetes. Two its forms, permanent and transient, differ in the durationof insulin dependence. The review contains data on mechanisms underlying this pathology and its specific clinical features.