online) научно практический журнал о в о щ и р о с с и и № 6 ( 4 4 ) 2 0 1 8 I S S N 2 0 7 2 -9 1 4 6 ( P r i n t )[ 84 ] УДК 635.262:632.4(470.0)
In the context of climate change phytomonitoring of the prevalence of the most common viral pathogens on the crops becomes even more important, because during the last decades the harmfulness of those pathogens, in particular Bean yellow mosaic (BYMV) has grown in intensity. The causative agent as the most members of Рotyvirus genus, has a wide range of host plants belonging to various families including Fabaceae. In Russia the virus was for the first time identified in the south of the Far East, where in the middle of XX century the massive damage of clove, lupine, sweet pea, pea, bean and Russian bean was observed. The distribution area of BYMV considerably expanded after advancement of heat-loving leguminous crops towards north. During the last years epiphytotics were reported in the planted crops of kidney bean (Phasйolus vulgбris L.), and Russian bean (Faba bona Medik. var. major Harz.) under conditions of temperate continental climate of nonchernozem belt in the RF. It is not feasible to eradicate natural BYMV foci, while the control of the causative agent carriers as a preventive measure is not very effective. There fore at present the search for the sources of resistance to BYMV and creation of parent selection material is a priority area of our phytopatologic research. At the present stage the tasks included: identification and study of the properties of BYMV Moscow isolates; integral assessment of resistance and other economically valuable characteristics of collection material and breeding stock material of kidney bean (810 specimens) and Russian bean (40 specimens) generated in the Laboratory of Legume Selection and Seed Production, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center”. To achieve the goal visual, serological diagnostic methods were used together with biotesting and electron microscopy. The research revealed special physical-chemical characteristics of BYMV Moscow isolates characterized by 100% harmfulness when occurred as co-infection with the other viruses. The main symptoms caused by the above isolates in indicator plants and host plants under conditions of Moscow Region have been described. Evaluation of collection and selection materials of kidney bean and Russian bean formed the basis for identification of the sources of resistance to BYMV exhibiting integrated economically valuable properties (early ripeness, bean shape and color, productivity, etc.). These specimens have been included into selection program of the Federal Research Vegetable Center which is aimed on creation of high-productive varieties of the kidney bean meeting the modern market demands.
Вирус обыкновенной мозаики фасоли (Bean common mosaic virus, BCMV) в последние годы значительно расширяет ареал распространения и становится важным в экономическом отношении возбудителем болезни на фасоли овощной (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) в Нечерноземной зоне России. Начиная с 2014 года, отмечено возникновение эпифитотий в Московском регионе, однако целенаправленный скрининг отечественных и зарубежных сортов культуры на устойчивость к BCMV здесь не проводился. В представленной работе впервые описаны особенности развития BCMV в условиях Московской области, установлено сочетание климатических факторов, определяющих степень развития болезни, а также дана оценка обширного сортимента сортов фасоли овощной по признаку устойчивости к BCMV с использованием молекулярных маркеров. Целью наших исследований стал поиск источников устойчивости к вирусу обыкновенной мозаики фасоли (BCMV) различного происхождения для включения в селекционный процесс по созданию новых отечественных сортов фасоли спаржевого типа с требуемым сочетанием признаков. Мониторинг развития BCMV на посевах фасоли овощной в агроценозе Московской области проводили в 2014-2019 годах на базе ФГБНУ Федеральный научный центр овощеводства. Материалом служили 207 коллекционных образцов (45-60 растений каждого сорта) различного географического и генетического происхождения. Изолят BCMV был выделен из пораженных растений этой культуры. Биотестирование осуществляли посредством искусственного заражения гороха сорта Жегаловец и фасоли сорта Грибовская 92. В работе использовали методы визуальной и серологической диагностики, биотестирования, фитопатологический мониторинг развития болезни. Полевую оценку устойчивости образцов проводили в динамике по 4-балльной шкале, ранжирование по группам устойчивости-на основе показателя степени развития болезни с учетом стабильности проявления признака в разные годы. ДНК-маркирование основных генов устойчивости (доминантного гена I, рецессивных генов bc-1 2 и bc-3) осуществляли с помощью соответствующих маркеров SW13, SBD5 и ROC11 согласно разработанным протоколам. В результате исследований были выявлены биологические особенности московского изолята BCMV, который in vitro поражает виды Phaseolus vulgaris L. и Pisum sativum L. семейства Fabaceae. На характер проявления симптомов и интенсивность поражения растений-индикаторов при биотестировании и образцов фасоли в полевых условиях существенное влияние оказывал температурный фактор, а на степень распространения вируса-количество выпавших осадков. Пониженное количество осадков во все периоды вегетации в сочетании с повышенными температурами в целом служили сдерживающим фактором распространения патогена в климатических условиях Московской области. В то же время это сочетание факторов способствовало более интенсивному проявлению визуальных симптомов поражения вирусом листового аппарата растений, особенно в первый период вегетации. Среди 207 изученных образцов только 6 % проявили стабильно высокую устойчивость к BCMV на фоне эпифитотий. Скрининг 30 образцов с различной устойчивостью показал,...
Relevance. In recent years, physiologists are very interested in studying the characteristics of the growth and development of seedlings under conditions of etiolation. Etiolated seedlings, as a model object, are interesting in studying the responses of a plant organism to the effects of various biotic environmental factors. In this regard, a comprehensive study of the characteristics of the influence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Хсс) on growth processes in the early stages of development of white cabbage plants, depending on the racial composition of the pathogen, is very important.Material and method. The study was carried out on the basis of the immunity and plant protection laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC). The material of research were seeds of two varieties of white cabbage with different resistance to vascular bacteriosis and four races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Хсс1, Хсс3, Хсс4 и Хсс6). Sterile seeds of each variety were laid out in Petri cups. Infection with different races of Xcc was carried out by introducing into each Petri cup 1 ml of a bacterial suspension of a two-day culture at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Half of the Petri cups were placed in a thermostat without illumination, the other was exposed to light under a 16- hour regime of illumination with diffused light. The magnitude and orientation of biological effects of studied factors on biometric parameters of seedlings were evaluated by the relative deviation of the difference between parameters of the experimental and control variants.Results. A different degree of influence of the resistance of the variety and the aggressiveness of the pathogen race on the growth of individual parts of the seedling has been established, and the response of etiolated and photosynthetic seedlings to infection is often the opposite. In the susceptible cultivar Slava 1305, acceleration of root and hypocotyl growth in the dark (Хсс3, Хсс4 and Хсс1) and inhibition of these processes in the light (Хсс1, Хсс4 and Хсс6) were noted. Relatively stable SB-3 F1 hybrid has more pronounced raspecificity of the effect of Xcc on root growth and stimulation of hypocotyl growth in all variants, which was 2-8 times lower in etiolated seedlings when infected with Xcc6 and Xcc1 races than in light ones, and when infected by the races Xcc1 and Xcc4, the effect was comparable.
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