В обзоре представлены данные, характеризующие современное состояние знаний о связи между ки-шечной микробиотой, ожирением и метаболическим синдромом. Обсуждается патофизиологическая роль кишечной микробиоты в развитии ожирения и метаболического синдрома. Рассматриваются потенциаль-ные возможности альтернативной терапии для контроля потребления энергии и снижения распространён-ности ожирения и метаболического синдрома.Ключевые слова: ожирение, метаболический синдром, кишечная микробиота, субклиническое воспа-ление, транслокация фекальной микробиоты, пробиотики, пребиотики. The review presents data describing the current state of knowledge about the link between gut microbiota, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Pathophysiological role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome is discussed. Potential of alternative therapy in controlling energy consumption and reducing the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is considered. OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROMEKey words: obesity, metabolic syndrome, gut microbiota, low-grade inflammation, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics. НИИ КПССЗ имеет большой опыт в разработке изделий для сердечно-сосудистой хирургии, в частности биопротезов кла-нов сердца и сосудов. С 2010 года под руководством академика РАН л. С. Барбараша начаты исследования по созданию био-зорбируемых сосудистых протезов малого диаметра. Основная цель -создание полимерных конструкций с бионаправленным йствием, способных заменить отдельные структуры живого организма, в частности сердечно-сосудистой системы. Научная но-зна поставленной задачи заключается в использовании нового подхода создания органа непосредственно в организме пациента счет биофункциональности и биорезорбируемости полимерных конструкций. доказана долгосрочная проходимость полимерных судистых графтов на основе поликапролактона и композиции полигидроксибутирата/валерата и поликапролактона. В экспери-нтах in vitro доказано, что ростовые факторы, инкорпорируемые в состав биодеградируемых графтов, сохраняют свою био-гическую активность. В долгосрочных экспериментах in vivo доказано, что сосудистый эндотелиальный фактор роста ускоряет дотелизацию и улучшает проходимость биодеградируемых полимерных сосудистых графтов.Ключевые слова: биодеградируемые полимеры, сосудистый графт, ростовые факторы. RICICd has large experience in the development of products for cardiovascular surgery, in particular, the bioprosthesis heart valves d blood vessels. Since 2010, under the leadership of the academician of RAS L. S. Barbarash researches to create bioresorbable scular prostheses of small diameter began. the primary purpose -to create polymer structures with bio-directed action capable to lace individual structures of a living organism, in particular, of cardiovascular system. Scientific novelty of the problem lies in using a new proach for creation an organ directly in the patient's body by biofunctional and bioresorbable features of polymer structures. the long-term tency of PCL vascular grafts and PHBV and P...

No abstract

The paper gives an update on the role of the gut microbiome (GM) in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis (LC), and its complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and discusses the possibilities of its correction with prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The pathophysiology of the liver diseases in question demonstrates some common features that are characterized by pathogenic changes in the composition of the gastrointestinal tract microflora, by intestinal barrier impairments, by development of endotoxemia, by increased liver expression of proinflammatory factors, and by development of liver inflammation. In progressive liver disease, the above changes are more pronounced, which contributes to the development of LC, HE, and HCC. GM modulation using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and FMT diminishes dysbacteriosis, strengthens the intestinal mucosal barrier, reduces endotoxemia and liver damage, and positively affects the clinical manifestations of HE. Further investigations are needed, especially in humans, firstly, to assess a relationship of GM to the development of liver diseases in more detail and, secondly, to obtain evidence indicating the therapeutic efficacy of GM-modulating agents in large-scale, well-designed, randomized, controlled, multicenter studies.

Today, stroke is the third most common pathology after cardiovascular disease and cancer, as well as the leading cause of disability in the world. Although some progress has been made in the field of primary and secondary stroke prevention over the past few decades, a deeper knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease is needed to significantly improve diagnosis and therapy. MicroRNA (miRNA) is an important, recently identified class of posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. MiRNA can be used as a tool for therapeutic interventions. This review considers a role of miRNAs in the regulation of experimental stroke and in the development of carotid artery stroke. A potential role of miRNAs as promising biomarkers of stroke is discussed.

Prolyl-4-hydroxylases of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-P4Hs) are enzymes that, under the conditions of normoxia, cause degradation of the HIF-transcriptional protein, which regulates a number of metabolic processes, including erythropoiesis, glucose level and lipid metabolism. In hypoxic conditions, on the contrary, their activity is suppressed and HIF stabilization takes place. This mechanism, i.e. stabilization of HIF by inhibition of HIF-P4Hs was the basis for the development of drugs designed for treatment of renal anemia, which are currently in stages 2 and 3 of clinical trials and are showing encouraging results. Recently, it has also been reported that inhibition of HIF-P4Hs can be effective in treatment of cardiometabolic diseases - coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetic cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis. The review, based on the most recent data, discusses in detail molecular mechanisms of therapeutic effect of HIF-P4Hs inhibition in these pathological conditions and provides evidence that these mechanisms are associated with HIF stabilization and gene expression, improving perfusion and endothelial function, reprogramming metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis, reducing inflammation and having beneficial effect on the innate immune system.