The presented paper is a third revision of the clinical recommendations for the treatment of morbid obesity in adults. Morbid obesity is a condition with body mass index (BMI) 40 kg / m2 or a BMI 35 kg / m2 in the presence of serious complications associated with obesity. The recommendations provide data on the prevalence of obesity, its etiology and pathogenesis, as well as on associated complications. The necessary methods for laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of obesity are described in detail. In this revision of the recommendations, the staging of prescribing conservative and surgical methods for the treatment of obesity are determined. For the first time, a group of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is selected, in whom metabolic surgery allows a long-term improvement in the control of glycemia or remission of diabetes mellitus.

Клинические рекомендации «Ожирение»*: на что обратить внимание В декабре 2020 г. Научно-практическим советом Минздрава России были утверждены клинические рекомендации «Ожирение», разработанные Российской ассоциацией эндокринологов в сотрудничестве с Обществом бариатрических хирургов. Этот документ был подготовлен в соответствии с методическими рекомендациями Минздрава России и опубликован на сайте cr.rosminzdrav.ru. Одной из задач, поставленных в ходе работы над обновленными рекомендациями, было отразить то новое, что появилось в клинической практике врача-эндокринолога за последние годы, а именно: • новые подходы к классификации ожирения; • новые препараты для лечения ожирения; • объединение бариатрической хирургии и практической эндокринологии. Следует отметить, что эти клинические рекомендации посвящены первичному ожирению. Патогенез, эпидемиология, особенности клинической картины и лечения вторичного ожирения, когда оно является симптомом какого-либо другого заболевания, в данном документе не рассматриваются.Чл.-кор. РАН Е.А. Трошина

The National Consensus was prepared with the participation of the National Medical Association for the Study of the Multimorbidity, Russian Scientific Liver Society, Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians, National Society for Preventive Cardiology, Professional Foundation for the Promotion of Medicine Fund PROFMEDFORUM. The aim of the multidisciplinary consensus is a detailed analysis of the course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the main associated conditions. The definition of NAFLD is given, its prevalence is described, methods for diagnosing its components such as steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis are described. The association of NAFLD with a number of cardio-metabolic diseases (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, thrombotic complications, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, dyslipidemia, etc.), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk of developing hepatocellular cancer (HCC) were analyzed. The review of non-drug methods of treatment of NAFLD and modern opportunities of pharmacotherapy are presented. The possibilities of new molecules in the treatment of NAFLD are considered: agonists of nuclear receptors, antagonists of pro-inflammatory molecules, etc. The positive properties and disadvantages of currently used drugs (vitamin E, thiazolidinediones, etc.) are described. Special attention is paid to the multi-target ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) molecule in the complex treatment of NAFLD as a multifactorial disease. Its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytoprotective properties, the ability to reduce steatosis an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular pathology, reduce inflammation and hepatic fibrosis through the modulation of autophagy are considered. The ability of UDCA to influence glucose and lipid homeostasis and to have an anticarcinogenic effect has been demonstrated. The Consensus statement has advanced provisions for practitioners to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD and related common pathogenetic links of cardio-metabolic diseases.

Aim: present clinical guidelines, aimed at general practitioners, gastroenterologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, comprise up-to-date methods of diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Key points. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the most wide-spread chronic liver disease, is characterized by accumulation of fat by more than 5 % of hepatocytes and presented by two histological forms: steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical guidelines provide current views on pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a multisystem disease, methods of invasive and noninvasive diagnosis of steatosis and liver fibrosis, principles of nondrug treatment and pharmacotherapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated conditions. Complications of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease include aggravation of cardiometabolic risks, development of hepatocellular cancer, progression of liver fibrosis to cirrhotic stage.Conclusion. Progression of liver disease can be avoided, cardiometabolic risks can be reduced and patients' prognosis — improved by the timely recognition of diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated comorbidities and competent multidisciplinary management of these patients.

Obesity is one of the most socially significant chronic diseases, that has taken the magnitude of the epidemic, with increasing attention to obesity in pregnant women. Despite continuous improvement of surveillance system for antenatal and obstetric care, the number of pregnant women with obesity is increasing, in this connection, this problem is of special importance. The present review covers the basic mechanisms involved in development of obesity and hormonal disor-ders in pregnancy, the risks and complications associated with obesity in pregnancy. As well as measures for the prevention of excess weight before and during pregnancy.