The subject of this research is the psychological component of school adaptation among first-graders of public and sanatorium-based boarding schools. The author describes and compares the characteristics of psychological component of school adaptation. The goal consists in determination of peculiarities of the psychological component of school adaptation of elementary school students in the modern educational establishments of various types. The research involved 110 first-graders 7-8 years old (56 girls and 54 boys). The sampling is aligned by gender, age, and school. Research methodology contains the following projective techniques: ”Little Houses” by A. O. Orekhova; “Faces” by N. V. Lukyanchenko and T. L. Yadryshnikov; “House-Tree-Person” by J. Buck, with symptom complexes formulated by Bieliauskaitė. The method of descriptive statistics revealed that the majority of first-graders of sanatorium-based boarding school demonstrate negative emotions, insecurity, anxiety, lack of confidence in themselves,  inferiority feeling and depressiveness; while the majority of children of public schools experience emotional maladaptation, emotional tension towards mastering school subjects. Using Mann–Whitney U test, the author determines that the students o sanatorium-based boarding school much rarely demonstrate emotional towards school activity; emotional maladaptation is more characteristic to the students of public schools. The research materials are applied in educational process by the pedagogues, psychologists, and school administrations for determining the individual and differentiated approach towards students; as well as in a cycle of scientific and practical seminars for school pedagogues and parents of the students.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the long-term consequences of the influence of unfavorable facts and situations in the preschool period on the success of the child's adaptation to school. The aim of the work was to study the relationship between the indicators of the preschool development period and the characteristics of the cognitive, emotional, behavioral components of the first-formers school adaptation. Methods. To identify the developmental features before the school and the characteristics of school adaptation 193 first-formers in Arkhangelsk were examined. Results. It is shown that as the child grows, the interrelation between the developmental features of the child and the components of school adaptation increases: if the indicators of the infant period are associated with the emotional component and the characteristics of the early childhood period (1-3 years) are associated with the emotional and behavioral characteristics, the characteristics of the pre-school development period (3-7 years) have high correlation with the cognitive, emotional and behavioral components of school adaptation. Conclusions. The findings suggest that the developmental features of a child aged 3 to 7 years, more than other previous stages of ontogeny, affect the ability of a first-year student to adapt to systematic learning activity. The construction of regression models revealed the key interrelationships between the investigated indicators of the child's preschool development and the components of school adaptation. The authors emphasize that the analysis of the child's developmental features before school makes it possible to get an idea of presence of dysontogenesis risk factors and to determine the focus in the corrective-developing work taking into account individual characteristics.

The subject of this research is the childhood emotional experience of the people of senior age, i.e. the “children of war” generation. The author pursues the goal to study their emotional experiences associated with childhood that fell on the war period as the prerequisite for their life optimism and social activeness in the senior age. The analysis is bases on the materials of biographical narratives collected over the period from 2012 to 2019. The sampling included 34 men aged 75-85, and 57 women aged 75-90. The method of non-standardized biographical interviews became the means for collecting data. The acquired narratives were processed through the method of content analysis (for formalization of the variables “optimism”, “pessimism” and “social activity”), and comprising structured descriptions of emotional experience of the wartime childhood, summarizes in the basis of two highlighted nominations – socially active optimists and pessimists with low social activeness. It was determined that the positive emotional experience of the children of war contributed to formation of their optimistic perception of the world and subjective position on life, which remained until senior age and manifest in their social activeness and interaction with the surrounding world, while the negative emotional experience created the foundation for pessimistic worldview and contributed to formation of infantile position on life, which in senior age manifest in low social activeness, helplessness and complaints to the world. The author indicates seven characteristic of the positive and six characteristics of the negative childhood emotional experience, which can be viewed as the prerequisites for optimism/pessimism and social activeness/passiveness in the senior age.  

The subject of this research is the agentic position with regards to health among middle-aged men and women. The author determined the structure of such position, described its common features (behavioral activity, aimed at health support understanding of need for a healthy lifestyle), features specific to men (attitude to health as a value), and features specific to women (health awareness). The goal of the article consists in examination of correlation between the agentic qualities of middle-aged men and women, determination of gender specificity of agency in the area of health. Research was conducted on 164 persons, aged 22-58 (80 men and 84 women), sampling aligned by gender, age and educational background. The method of correlation analysis allowed revealing the agentic personality traits that support active stand on health: common for men and women, such as autonomy, self-worth, creativity, assertiveness, content with life, overall internality and internality in achievements); as well as gender-specific. Women also feature internality in professional and family spheres; while men feature activity, mediacy, and internality in health sphere. Considering that the problem of human as an agent of health is at the initial stage of development, the acquired data would be useful for more profound understanding of the topic, as well as formulation of objectives for furher fundamental and applied studies.  

ФГАОУ ВО «Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова» Минобрнауки России, г. Архангельск Введение. Современные исследования показывают, что число детей, испытывающих эмоциональный дискомфорт (повышенная тревожность, страхи, поведенческие нарушения), возрастает с началом обучения в школе. Однако проблема состояния эмоционального здоровья обучающихся в образовательных организациях разного типа недостаточно изучена. Цель: выявление особенностей эмоционального здоровья первоклассников в условиях современных образовательных организаций разного типа. Методы: Обследованы 96 первоклассников, разделенных на две группы в зависимости от типа образовательной организации: общеобразовательная школа и школа-интернат. В качестве психодиагностического инструментария задействованы методики: «Самочувствие. Активность. Настроение»; диагностика уровня школьной тревожности Б. Филлипса; исследования сферы межличностных отношений ребенка и его восприятия внутрисемейных отношений Рене Жиля; «Страхи в домиках»; «Лесенка»; «Домики»; «Изучение учебной мотивации»; опросник субъективного благополучия Т. В. Архиреевой. Математическая обработка данных при сравнении двух независимых выборок проводилась с использованием непараметрического U-критерия Манна -Уитни. Для выявления наиболее значимых характеристик эмоционального здоровья первоклассников проводился факторный анализ методом факторизации главных осей с применением варимаксимального нормализованного вращения.Результаты: Первоклассники из школы-интерната отличаются высоким уровнем активности (p = 0,004), хорошего самочувствия (p = 0,005), удовлетворенности отношениями (p = 0,019), субъективного благополучия (p = 0,015), учебной мотивации (p = 0,014). В зону риска у этой группы детей вошли следующие характеристики эмоционального здоровья: управление жизнью (p = 0,001), отношение к учителю (p = 0,022), общительность (p = 0,000). Первоклассники из общеобразовательной школы характеризуются высоким уровнем общительности (p = 0,000), управления жизнью (p = 0,001), эмоционально теплого отношения к учителю (p = 0,022). Проблемными сферами у них определились: напряжение во время пребывания в школе (p = 0,013) и при выполнении домашнего задания (p = 0,004), переживание социального стресса (p = 0,012), конфликтность (p = 0,018), присутствие фрустрации потребности в достижении успеха (p = 0,003). Вывод: Исследование показывает важность изучения характеристик эмоционального здоровья обучающихся, на основе результатов которого могут быть созданы программы профилактических и коррекционных занятий, направленных на улучшение эмоционального благополучия, так как от этого зависит успешность социального взаимодействия, адаптация учащихся к новым условиям и успеваемость.