During the observation period, the annual air temperature increased: in Yekaterinburg (1832-2018) by 3,1°C, in Zlatoust (1881-2018) by 2,2°C, in Kurgan (1894-2018) by 2,2°C and in Shadrinsk (1894-2018) by 2,1°C. The analogical climate change was noted for the period 1966-2018. The strongest warming is observed in winter (by 2,3-3,0°C), the weakest warming is observed in spring (by 0,8-1,7°C). We noted an increase the annual amount of precipitation in Ivdel (by 68,2 mm), Shadrinsk (by 50,9 mm) and Krasnoufimsk (by 43,6 mm). Also marked an increase the amount of precipitation during the growing season in Ivdel (by 43,9 mm), Shadrinsk (by 42,8 mm) and Krasnoufimsk (by 26,8 mm). The annual amount of precipitation increased in Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg, but the amount of precipitation during the growing season decreased in Kurgan. Favorable changes in the agro-climatic conditions of growing season were noted in Shadrinsk and Zlatoust. Unfavorable changes in hydrothermal coefficient for cultivated plants were noted in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Troitsk, Yekaterinburg and Bredy. Identified the need to introduce an irrigation system for cultivated plants of the southern districts (Chelyabinsk region).

Nowadays, starch is widely used in the food industry as an additive that can improve product quality due to its characteristics. Starch can have a significant effect on the texture of a food product, and works as a thickener, stabilizer, filler and ingredient that locks in moisture well. Different types of starch are used in production, depending on the purpose of their application. Starch properties mainly depend on its physical and chemical characteristics, amylose/amylopectin ratio, and also on the average granule size and percentage ratio of different granule size groups. Currently, the innovation approaches with the use of so-called "green technologies" have been the priorities of food industry development not only in Russia but also all over the world. This paper deals with the possibility of producing modified starches using ultrasonic exposure methods. It was found that the properties of the modified starch suspensions undergo significant changes when exposed to low-frequency ultrasound. In particular, the temperature of starch gelatinization decreases by an average of 17° C, the output of amylose from the starch grain increases by 2.8–3.5 times relative to the native starch. The size of particles in the starch suspensions varies. On the basis of the carried out research it has been established that increase of ultrasonic exposure duration leads to equalizing of particle sizes. The native sample has no particles less than 400 nm in size but there are particles larger than 3,000 nm, while the size of particles exposed to ultrasound (630 W, 10 min) is mostly (426 ± 10) nm (35.5%) and (678 ± 5) nm (24.8%). Thus, the use of ultrasound for starch modification makes it possible to produce a substance with new properties and this significantly expands the possibility of using modified starch in the food industry.)

No abstract

Studies at the South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato in 2015-2019 have been completed. Information on the nutritional value of soil mixture of various compositions has been obtained. The features of the mineral nitrogen nutrition of seedlings depending on the composition of the soil mixture have been identified. It has been established that the maximum profitability of production is achieved by using fertilizers of controlled release in the composition of the soil mixture on the basis of soil and peat. An increase in the content of macronutrients in the soil mixture has a significant effect on the survival rate of seedlings of fruit crops. Basacote fertilizer has a significant impact on the survival rate, growth and development of apricot, cherry, pear and plum seedlings when grown in small containers. The introduction of the Basacote norm of 2.5 g/l of the substrate into the soil mixture did not lead to a reduction in the survival rate of seedlings of the studied crops compared to the control. Higher Basacote fertilizer rates led to a significant reduction in survival rate. The minimum survival rate of seedlings was noted in the variant with the Basacote fertilizer norm of 7.5 g/l of the substrate and varied from 23.3 % for apricot and plum to 55 % for pear (a very high level of soil nutrition). The maximum yield of marketable seedlings was obtained in the variant with a high level of mineral nutrition: 57.7 % for pears, 50 % for plums, 30 % for cherries and 45.4 % for apricots. The maximum estimated profitability was obtained on the pear and amounted to 120 %.

Физиология и биохимия растений Л. В. Уфимцева, снс отдела инструментальных методов исследований, к. б. н., Н. В. Глаз, снс отдела садоводства, к. с.-х. н. ФГБНУ «Уральский федеральный аграрный научно-исследовательский центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук», г. Екатеринбург