The industrial and transport effect on the environment is distinguished most significantly by the formation of technogeneous geochemical anomalies in the urban landscape. This study was conducted within the boundaries of urban agglomeration (Penza city) for two years (2014 and 2015) during the summer (June to August). To determine the effect that the distance from road and the amount of heavy metal emissions have, samples were extracted at a distance of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 metres from the roadway. There were three sampling points at each sampling line, with a 3 to 4-metre space between them. The year-long measurements make up a number over 20.000. In Penza, the flow of traffic typically varies between 3 and 3943 cars per hour. When produced in significant amounts, heavy metal emissions from vehicles-exhaust emissions (Pb, Cu, Ni), particulate matter emissions (Cu, Ni, Zn), emissions from plastics and paint (Zn, Cd), and tirewear emissions (Zn)-accumulate in the roadside area, transform and further migrate along the food chains. All road categories show a significant elevation in the background and emission limit values for all heavy metals studied. The most dramatic rise was recorded for Cu and it was 5.09-to 19.11-fold. The concentration of Ni, Zn and Pb exceeds the acceptable rate 1.17-8.79-fold. The concentration of carbon monoxide decreases with distance from the road. Street ranking by car hazard shows that all main urban streets with regulated traffic are category 1 hazard sources of emission, mainly due to lead compounds (%). Between spring and summer, the traffic flow increases 1.3-to 2-fold and the hazard category of roads rises (under 1.5-fold). Significant changes in the traffic infrastructure and vehicle replacement compensate for the negative impact of vehicles on air quality in Penza, which was initially caused by the increase in the number of vehicles on the road and by the subsequent overload of the transport network. The increase in the queue length and time did not entail the emission growth. On the contrary, since 2014, Penza has been showing a decreasing trend and since 2015, the total amount of emissions from motor vehicles has been remaining at a stabilized point.

Introduction. Phenol, as well as diatomic phenols, are among the most common and priority organic pollutants of the environment. Getting into the water with sewage in real conditions of pollution, under the influence of natural physicochemical factors, phenols, as highly reactive compounds, undergo a transformation, as a result of which new, sometimes more toxic compounds may be formed. Purpose of the study is to investigate the transformation processes under the impact of the natural physicochemical factors of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in surface water. Material and methods. The processes of transformation of phenol and diatomic phenols were studied by the methods of spectrophotometry and luminescence spectroscopy. Absorption spectra were recorded with a UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), and fluorescence spectra were recorded on a CM2203 spectrofluorometer (Solar CJSC, Belarus). The degradation of phenols to CO2 and H2O (mineralization) at room temperature in natural samples was determined using a TOC-VCHP total carbon analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). Results. The decrease in phenol concentration in river water was subject to linear dependence. The transformation kinetics of resorcinol corresponded to a sequential reaction. The processes of transformation of hydroquinone and pyrocatechin were dominated by chemical oxidation processes. Hydroquinone completely transformed within 24 hours. The degree of conversion of pyrocatechol 87.5% was achieved in 3 days and did not change during the month. During the month, the mineralization of phenol amounted to 90%, hydroquinone, and pyrocatechol - 55% and 45%, respectively. The complete transformation of resorcinol occurred in 7 days. A compound having a bright fluorescence and constituting a product of resorcinol polycondensation, whose concentration increased during the whole experiment, was formed. The degree of mineralization of resorcinol was 93%. Conclusion. The transformation of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in the surface water is caused by the processes of natural chemical and biochemical oxidation and depends on the chemical composition and concentration of presented impurities.

Introduction. Environmental monitoring of the state of water bodies is an important component of environmental protection. A promising direction for assessing the quality of water bodies is to determine their generalized indicators. Fluorescence spectroscopy can serve as a source of important information about the state of water bodies and sources of their pollution. Purpose of the study - to assess the water pollution of the Moskva River and its tributaries using the fluorescence spectroscopy method. To reveal the influence of oil products on the fluorescence spectra of river water. Materials and methods. The object of the study was water from the Moskva River and its tributaries: Pakhra, Kotlovka, Setun. Water samples from the Moskva River were taken in different parts of the city, which are characterized by varying degrees of pollution. Water fluorescence spectra were measured with SM2203 spectrofluorimeter (ZAO Solar, Belarus), total organic and inorganic carbon, on a TOC-VCHP total carbon analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). Results. The nature of the fluorescence spectra of the Moskva River and its tributaries in the absence of significant anthropogenic pollution are characterized by relative constancy. Bacterial pollution and pollution with aromatic compounds of anthropogenic origin, including oil products, leads to an increase in the fluorescence intensity in the short-wavelength part of the spectrum. The correlation coefficient between the optical density at a wavelength of 254 nm and the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for the studied samples was 0.66, and between the fluorescence intensity at a wavelength of 400 nm and DOC was 0.74. Limitations. The method cannot be used for the quantitative determination of individual substances; it is intended for a semi-quantitative assessment of water pollution. Conclusion. Measurement of fluorescence spectra and total organic carbon makes it possible to give a general assessment of the contamination of a water body (which is especially important for a sample of unknown composition) and to choose the optimal scheme for its targeted analysis. High dissolved organic carbon (DOC) values and high fluorescence intensity at 320 nm are highly likely to indicate chemical contamination of water, while DOC values characteristic of a water body and high fluorescence intensity at 320 nm indicate bacterial contamination.

It is shown that the chemiluminescence intensity from luminol solutions reaches a maximum when the latter are crystallized. This phenomenon is explained by the complex dynamics of the phase transi tion, chemical reactions, and degradation of electronic excitation energy. Luminescence of new type, called crystallochemiluminescence, is revealed.