An alternative approach, nonequilibrium evolution thermodynamics, is compared with the classical Landau approach. A statistical justification of the approach is done with the help of a probability distribution function on an example of a solid with vacancies. Two kinds of kinetic equations are derived in terms of the internal energy and the modified free energy.

Abstract-A thermodynamic model is developed for the melting of an ultrathin lubricant film squeezed between two atomically smooth solid surfaces. To describe the state of lubricant, an excess volume parameter is introduced; it appears due to the chaos in the structure of a solid body induced by melting. This parameter increases with the total internal energy upon melting. Thermodynamic melting and shear melting are described. The dependences of the friction force on the lubricant temperature and the shear rate of friction surfaces are analyzed. The calculated results are compared to the experimental data.

An alternative form of kinetic equations, involving the internal and free energies symmetrically, has been derived in the framework of the theory of vacancies. Dynamical nature of irreversible phenomena during formation and motion of defects (dislocations) has been analyzed by a computer experiment. Results of this simulation are then extended into a thermodynamic identity, involving the law of conservation of energy at interaction with an environment (the first law of thermodynamics) and the law of energy transformation in the internal degrees of freedom (relaxation). This identity is compared to the analogous Jarzynski identity. The approach is illustrated by simulation of processes during severe plastic deformation; the Rybin kinetic equation for this case has been derived.

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