Cytological analysis of buccal epithelium (BE) - the buccal cytogram allows to select about 20 parameters reflecting cytogenetic, inflammatory, proliferative and other disorders in epithelial cells used for biomonitoring and laboratory diagnostics. In order to simplify and increase the information content of this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of various integral indices when interpreting the buccal cytogram. 40 practically healthy volunteers, 35 patients with chronic periodontitis, 22 patients with chronic gingivitis and 20 patients with partial loss of teeth were examined. The obtained data revealed an increase in the degree of disorders of proliferation and apoptosis, their ratio as the inflammation increased from gingival tissue lesions to inflammation periodontal tissue. In assessing the condition of the mucous membranes in chronic gingivitis, the apoptosis index turned out to be more informative.In chronic periodontitis the index of cytogenetic disorders is indicative. In this category of patients, the accumulation index of cytogenetic disorders did not have any advantages over the others, and the reparative index was less informative.

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The article describes the potential of buccal cells investigations. The authors presented buccal epithelium application in noninvasive diagnosis of early human aging; identified common cytological features of buccal epithelium for different ages; revealed the accumulation of cytogenetic abnormalities (epithelial cells with micronuclei, protrusions of the nucleus) and degenerative-dystrophic changes (perinuclear vacuole, condensed chromatin, karyorexis, karyolysis) with age. These findings reflect the predominance of apoptosis over reparation in the process of aging.

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Recently, buccal epithelium has been used to study age-dependent processes. This approach is of particular relevance due to its non-invasiveness. The purpose of this study is to establish the normal values of the buccal cytogram in different age groups, including athletes. 200 practically healthy volunteers of different ages were examined, who were divided into 5 groups in accordance with the WHO age classification. In addition, 125 professional athletes took part in the study. All patients underwent a comprehensive dental examination and a standard cytological examination of buccal smears. It has been established that the cytological characteristics of buccal epitheliocytes, indirectly reflecting disorders of the nuclear apparatus of the cell, did not change significantly with age, but there was a certain upward trend in the number of cells with such anomalies (micronucleus, protrusions).The number of binuclear cells and the apoptotic index also slightly increase with age. At the same time, a high positive correlation was found between the apoptosis index and senile age. In young athletes, an increase in the number of buccal epitheliocytes with a perinuclear vacuole (an early sign of cell damage) was foundAnalysis of the cytological examination results of the buccal epithelium in people a slight increase in the level of cytological abnormalities in old age, in particular, signs of apoptosis. In addition, in healthy young athletes (18 years old - 44 years old), an increase in the number of cells with signs of nuclear degradation, which most likely reflects increased mechanical stress on the maxillofacial apparatus during sports activities.