With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.

Abstract Glues are widely used to connect various materials, especially since in some cases other options for combining materials are not suitable. The paper deals with the bonding of solid hardwood with modern adhesive materials. Currently, a large group of adhesives of various brands from Russian and foreign manufacturers is presented on the market. In the woodworking industry, adhesives are used in the carpentry and furniture, manufacturing, in wooden house-building, in the production of finishing materials, etc., which are operated outside and inside the premises in constant and variable humidity conditions. Therefore, the correct choice of adhesives plays an important role both for the manufacturer and subsequently for the consumer of the resulting product. In this work, we have studied the dependence of the tensile strength when chipping along the adhesive layer on the type of glue, wood species, and operating conditions. We have selected the following adhesives based on polychloroprene, polyvinyl acetate and rubber. The greatest strength of the adhesive bonding when gluing solid hardwood is given by polyvinyl acetate adhesives. When using the product in conditions of changing temperature and humidity, the bonding strength decreases, in some cases significantly. In fairness, it should be noted that not only the type of glue, but also the type of wood affects the bonding strength

According to European standards, the most stringent standards for the content of formaldehyde belong to the emission class E 0.5. The hardening of resins with different formaldehyde content is different and it has not yet been sufficiently studied. The production of the woodworking industry face difficulty in the use of low toxic urea-formaldehyde resins. On the one hand, life and standards require environmentally friendly products, on the other hand, the use of low-toxic resins leads to a large percentage of defects in the production process, reduced productivity and deterioration of the strength properties of the finished product. The polycondensation reaction of low-toxic resins using a classical hardener-ammonium chloride is slower in comparison with resins with a high content of formaldehyde, that is, performance is reduced. The paper examines the influence of various hardeners on the physical and chemical properties of the glue (gelatinization time, viability, pH of liquid and cured adhesives). All the studied preparations can be used as a hardener of low-toxic urea-formaldehyde resin, but its content should be adjusted taking into account the physical and chemical parameters of the initial state of the resins and production conditions.

One of the main indicators of the quality of plywood is its environmental friendliness, which is characterized by the content of free formaldehyde. To produce plywood with formaldehyde emission class E0, E1, low-toxic urea-formaldehyde resins should be used. These resins have low final viscosity, which can lead to a decrease in the strength properties of plywood due to excessive penetration of glue into the wood. The viscosity of the working solution of the glue can be changed by the use of fillers (wood flour, rye flour, kaolin, etc.). The results of the research have showed that wood flour has high adsorption capacity and 2-5 m. shares of wood flour increase the viscosity of the adhesive from 60 to 180 s by the VZ-4 viscometer. At the same time, a large amount of grinding dust accumulates in the woodworking shops. To assess the possibility of using grinding dust as a filler of urea-formaldehyde resins, a comparative analysis of the properties of grinding dust obtained by grinding various materials and wood flour in accordance with State Standard 16362-86 has been carried out. The results have showed that grinding dust is comparable to wood flour in moisture, bulk density. The fractional composition of the grinding dust is larger, but most of it corresponds to the necessary fractions of 0.25; 0.18; 0.125 after sorting. The article studies the effect of the fraction and the amount of grinding dust on the strength properties of plywood, as well as on the technological properties of the adhesive (dynamic viscosity, pH, gel time). The maximum increase in the strength of plywood has been 63% when using grinding dust of 0.125 fractions in the amount of 1 m.sh. Adding grinding dust to the adhesive solution leads to an increase in its dynamic viscosity and the larger the particle, the more the viscosity changes. Filling of urea-formaldehyde resins with grinding dust shifts the pH of the adhesive solution towards the neutral and slightly acidic medium and reduces the gelatin time to 55-60 sec. The conducted studies show that the use of grinding dust as a filler of urea-formaldehyde adhesives leads to a decrease in internal stresses in the cured adhesive and an increase in the strength of the gluing of plywood

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