Кандидат філологічних наук, викладач кафедри соціальної роботи та психології, Подільський спеціальний навчально-реабілітаційний соціально-економічний коледж, м. Кам'янець- Подільський (Україна)

No abstract

The purpose of the article is to show, on the basis of the available scientific literature, archival sources, and materials of the periodical press of the time, the difficult relations (changed from fruitful cooperation to conflicts and sometimes even to brutal pogroms) between the Ukrainian People's Army and UHA, on the one hand, and the Ukrainian and Jewish communities of the towns of Volyn and Kyiv provinces, on the other. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness, objectivity, multifactoriality, and systematicity. An essential component of the methodology has become the use of various methods of material analysis – historical, problem-chronological, historical-genetic, and historical-typological. The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the systematic coverage of important areas of cooperation between the UPR army and residents of Volyn and Kyiv towns during mobilization campaigns and the organization of material and moral support for Ukrainian soldiers. Conclusions. The relations between the Ukrainian People’s Army, UHA, on the one hand, and the national communities of the towns of Volyn and Kyiv provinces during the days of the UPR Directory, on the other, were ambiguous. First, the townspeople, mostly Ukrainians, were mostly the object and, to a lesser extent, the subject of the mobilization measures of the Ukrainian authorities, replenishing military formations, taking an active part in the protection of the state interests of the Ukrainian People's Republic, providing tangible material support to the Ukrainian People’s Army, supported the army in many ways when it conducted offensive or defensive operations against the Red Army. To a lesser extent, this applied to UHA. Secondly, in a number of urban settlements, there were facts that prevented the normal cooperation of communities and Ukrainian units (illegal military requisitions, contributions, looting, interference in the work of local self-government bodies, etc., conflicts between Jewish communities and the Ukrainian military, which ended in shameful pogroms).

The purpose of the research is to assess the relevance of the research of psychological features of understanding contemporary poetry by future philolo-gists on the basis of questionnaires; to propose the levels of understanding the text.methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the re-search were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical me­thod, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systemati-zation, modeling, generalization. The method of organizing empirical research was used as the experimental method.the results of the research. Future philologists of all courses show a signifi-cant level of interest (50% – 55%) according to the poetry of Ukrainian authors, prose writers through watching TV shows and reading periodicals. In the condi-tions of contemporary higher education the ability of students to acquire know­ledge independently in the connection with the introduction of the competence approach provided in education plays a special role. We proved, that 66%–70% of respondents had tried to comprehend a poetry of their own form and the form having been explicated their own impression of what they had already read; 31% of students of the 1st and the 2nd courses and 28.6% of students of the 3rd and the 4th courses had had a high level of the interpretation of the teacher’s activity. Thus, a great number of students have the awareness of the need to indepen-dently form the opinion about what they have read.conclusions. In the typology of text comprehension we have found four levels. Each previous level is an indispensable condition for the existence of the next one. At the first level only the substantive content of the text is conveyed, which does not provide the necessary understanding of it. The second level of un-derstanding is commentary one. Understanding the text at this level means not only being able to retell the first text with other language units, but also to com-ment it from the point of view of the context. The third level of understanding is the interpretation of the text (philosophical, historical­literary, psychological, etc.). This task is to master deep meanings. The fourth level of understanding is a methodological one, where the contradictions that are arisen at the previous level are resolved

Стаття присвячена з’ясуванню особливостей художньої трансформації образу Понтія Пілата в оповіданні Варлама Шаламова «Прокуратор Іудеї». Стверджується, що євангельські та літературні асоціації автора виводять зображення на рівень символічних узагальнень, дають ключ до трактування авторської моральної позиції. Паралель з Пілатом вказує на авторську оцінку безпам’ятства Кубанцева і багатьох подібних йому людей, як морального злочину, вартого найсуворішого суду, – злочину, який повторюється в різні історичні епохи у вигляді зради і Пілатової практики «вмивання рук».