The purpose of the present cohort study was a quantitative assessment of the enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone mineral density (BMD) using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (HLHR) and hypophosphatasia (HPP) and a comparison with the data obtained from the control group. Methods and Results: The unrepresentative, non-random sample included 30 CBCT scans of children with genetically and biochemically confirmed XLHR (OMIM #307800) and HPP (OMIM: 146300, 241510, 241500, and 146300). X-ray examination and dental care were carried out in the Radiology Diagnostics Department and Pediatric Dentistry Department at Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after AI Evdokimov. The mineral density of calcified tissues (enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone) was evaluated using i-CAT Vision TM software options on reconstructed CBCT axial views. The images of all XLHR and HPP patients visualized large pulp chambers with prominent pulp horns extending to the dentin-enamel junction. The present study revealed poor alveolar bone mineralization in patients with HPP and XLHR. Analysis of CBCT scans showed a significant dentine hypodensity in XLHR patients, which may contribute to the emergence of multiple, spontaneous, periapical abscesses spreading rapidly in the jawbone. Conclusion: Data obtained could be used for planning dental treatment of patients with XLHR and HPP.

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Rationale: A  standard algorithm for the assessment of patients with breast trauma does not exist, as such trauma usually does not incur any significant health problems. However, according to existing clinical and work-up data and various radiological signs, posttraumatic abnormalities of the breast can mimic cancer lesions and complicate the differential diagnosis for a radiologist.Aim: To evaluate the potential of digital mammography and breast ultrasound examination in the identification of breast posttraumatic abnormalities and to describe their semiotics.Materials and methods: The study included 150  female patients aged 40  to 86  years (mean±SD, 60±11.9 years) with a history of breast trauma. Digital mammography with tomosynthesis (combined mode) and multiparametric ultrasound were able to identify breast abnormalities in 62 patients. The results of all assessments (n=62) were interpreted according to BI-RADS. Should any confirmation of the abnormalities be necessary, fine needle aspiration biopsy or core-biopsy with stereotaxic or ultrasound control were performed.Results: At mammography, the typical posttraumatic abnormality in the breast was fat necrosis (n=54). It was represented as nodular masses with round (20/34; 58.8%) or oval shape (13/34; 38.2%) and circumscribed margins. In most cases, the masses contained eggshell calcification (27/34; 79.4%). In 35.1%  (19/54) of the cases fat necrosis was represented by various calcifications. At ultrasound, fat necrosis could be identified as avascular (40/40; 100%), mostly round (26/40; 65.0%), less frequently oval (12/40; 30.0%), and hypoechoic (19/40; 47.5%) masses with circumscribed margins. Atypical signs of fat necrosis (BIRADS 4) were found in 16.1% (10/62) of the cases, in which  7  (11.2%) core-biopsies with ultrasound control and  3  (4.8%) stereotaxic biopsies were performed. In all the cases, breast fat necrosis was confirmed, with various ratios of fibrous and necrotic fat tissue and lymphoid infiltration.Conclusion: In most cases, standard radiological methods used in the diagnostic algorithm for posttraumatic breast lesions are sufficient for the diagnosis. In uncertain diagnostic cases, morphological verification seems necessary.

The purpose of this research is the use 5 stages of standardized methodology of compression elastography based on a preliminary assessment of gray-scale images, qualitative and semi-quantitative elastography. The authors give comparative characteristics of diagnostic efficiency and reproducibility standard data and propose the elastography in 3419 people with focal lesions of the breast, thyroid, regional lymph nodes, pancreas. The article presents the ways of nationwide discussion of standardized recommendations for compression elastography. Analysis of the data shows the advantage of the proposed standardized methodology of compression elastography. The evaluation of diagnostic and prognostic values of routine and standardized methods sonoelastography was carried out. Statistics are distributed as follows: in a routine method, the specificity is 90.3%, the sensitivity is estimated at 82.4%, the accuracy - 86,7%, AUC is equal 0,892 with 95% confidence interval [0,872 – 0,974]. In a standardized method, the specificity is 93.8%, the sensitivity is 84.7%, the accuracy – 88.5%, AUC is 0,938 with 95% confidence interval [0,889 – 0,981]. The non-specificity of the standardized compression sonoelastography method allows its use in any pathology of internal organs and tissues. Strict adherence to the stages of the standardized elastography contributes to the formation of a precise protocol elastographic examination.

Relevance. Craniofacial microsomia is a collective definition combining congenital pathologies of organs developing from the first and second branchial arches. However, the affiliation of various congenital pathologies to this disease remains controversial. For this reason, there are no standardized indications for the timing and methods of treatment. Materials and methods. This paper analyzes the results of examinations conducted from 2011 to 2021in 89 children and adolescents from 1 to 18 years with craniofacial microsomia. Results. Patient groups were allocated according to the pathology severity and their age, and were offered various treatments depending on the phenotype variant. Conclusions. Based on international and our experience and considering the anatomical and functional changes in children and adolescents with craniofacial microsomia, creating a scheme for developing a customized multidisciplinary algorithm to treat these patients becomes relevant.