по праву занимает лидирующее место в ряду имен выдающихся ученых, прославивших Россию. Творчество великого хирурга, мыслителя, травматолога, ортопеда, владевшего даром художествен-ного откровения, оставило след в клинической медицине. Гениальный хирург, верный последователь Н.И. Пирогова и Н.В. Склифосовского, Г.И. Турнер на протяжении почти 60 лет своей научно-практической деятельности успешно развивал мировую медицину, обогащая ее бесценным клиническим опытом. Генрих Иванович Турнер (рис. 1) родился 29 сентября 1858 г. в Петербурге в многодетной семье. Детство для Генриха закончилось в 13 лет, когда от туберкулеза умер отец, и забота о шестерых детях легла на его с матерью плечи. Вскоре осиротевшая семья перебралась жить на Херсонскую улицу. Жизнь семьи в новых условиях сложилась суровой, полной

The main scientific and practical activities of A.V. Vishnevsky took place in Kazan and Moscow. This paper presents little-known facts from the creative life of A.V. Vishnevsky, with a focus on his contribution to the development of local anesthesia and novocaine blockade in our country. Vishnevsky graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium in 1894 and from the Kazan University in 1899. From 1899 to 1912, he was an assistant dissector at the departments of normal anatomy, topographic anatomy, and operative surgery of Kazan University. During the First World War, he mostly performed surgery to wounded individuals with gunshot injuries that involved peripheral nerves, producing neurolysis or suturing of the nerves. To treat brain abscesses, he used oil-balsamic drainage, which gave better results than other therapeutic methods. From 1914 to 1934, he managed first the hospital and then the faculty surgical clinics in Kazan. With the emerging problems in surgery, he paid much attention to neurosurgery, local analgesia, suppurative processes, nervous tropism, and gunshot wounds. His original theoretical works were devoted to neural trophy. His proposed methods of nerve block, in particular, pericardial novocainic and vago-sympathetic blockages, were widely accepted. As regards his contribution to the field of military surgery, he promoted proper surgical treatment of wounds, justified secondary treatment of wounds, and suggested methods to combat traumatic shock, secondary bleeding, etc. In 1947, A.V. Vishnevsky was appointed as the Director of the Institute of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow. He was the founder of the great national school of surgeons.

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The main milestones of the life and work of L.O. Darkshevich. It is noted that the work of a professor on the study of the pathology of muscles and peripheral nerves is of great interest. As early as 1903, in a German manual on pathological anatomy of the nervous system, Liverius Osipovich wrote a chapter on the pathological anatomy of muscles. We emphasize that later they wrote several articles on cerebral and arthropathic amiotrophies. Studying the question of the so-called retrograde degeneration of nerves, he pointed to the development of degenerative changes not only in the peripheral, but also in the central segment of the nerve, which is of great interest for clarifying the spread of the process. The article notes that Liveriy Osipovich Darkshevich considered the creation of a manual on nervous diseases as the greatest debt of his life, which was the testament of his late teacher — Professor A.Ya. Kozhevnikov, who had not managed to do this. Well aware of the conditioned reflex principles of the central nervous system, Liverii Osipovich attached special importance to the cerebral cortex as a body of mental activity. He pointed out that normal mental activity is formed under the influence of incessantly arriving stimuli of the external world, which, having reached the cerebral cortex and entering our consciousness, give rise to representations, the appearance of which in turn gives rise to the manifestation of active cortical activity-the emergence of volitional impulses. Liverii Osipovich was an ardent supporter of active disease therapy and was often an innovator in this field.