No abstract

Представлен анализ состояния, проблем и перспектив производства и переработки лубяных культур в России и зарубежных странах, используя многолетние собственные и другие исследования. Показано, что: с 2010 года площади посева лубяных культур в РФ увеличивались, но при этом, она, входя в тройку лидеров по производству льняных тканей, пока отстает от зарубежных стран по темпам роста первичной и глубокой переработки, по-прежнему остается проблема покупки нового технологического оборудования силами льнопенькозаводов. Основными производителями лубяных культур являются СНГ, Аргентина, Канада, США, Индия, Чехия, Германия, Франция, Бельгия, Голландия, Казахстан и другие. Определены в РФ: основные регионы возделывания лубяных культур; динамика роста цен на технологическое оборудование и волокно первичной переработки; состав и цены различных линий их первичной переработки; мировые производители льняных тканей. Сформулированы причины, тормозящие эффективность первичной и глубокой переработки лубяных культур в РФ. The analysis of the state, problems and prospects of production and processing of bast crops in Russia and foreign countries is presented, using many years of own and other research. It is shown that: since 2010, the area of sowing of bast crops in the Russian Federation has increased, but at the same time, it is one of the three leaders in the production of linen fabrics, while it lags behind foreign countries in terms of growth rates of primary and deep processing, there is still a problem of buying new technological equipment by 31 flax mills. The main producers of bast crops are the CIS, Argentina, Canada, the USA, India, the Czech Republic, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Kazakhstan and others. The following are defined in the Russian Federation: the main regions of cultivation of bast crops; the dynamics of price growth for technological equipment and fiber of primary processing; the composition and prices of various lines of their primary processing; world manufacturers of linen fabrics. The reasons hindering the effectiveness of primary and deep processing of bast crops in the Russian Federation are formulated.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of domestic lines for primary processing of industrial spring harvesting hemp that is taken either from rolls or from stems in order to obtain raw material. The indicators of the quality of hemp raw materials and the hemp fiber of the same type obtained from it have been analyzed. The characteristics of the same type hemp and the process of its primary processing have been obtained, without which it is impossible to plan the primary processing of industrial hemp.

Статья посвящена анализу производства лубяных культур в России за период импортозамещения. Волокно, получаемое из льна-долгунца, льна масличного и технической конопли, может частично стать заменой хлопку, позволит обеспечить импортозамещение сырья, текстильных изделий и товаров, ранее ввозимых из-за границы. Лидером в 2022 году по посевной площади в 2089,6 тыс. га и по количеству сеющих регионов – 57 субъектов РФ является лен масличный, которого было посеяно на 34% больше, чем в прошлом году. За период с 2010 по 2022 годы наибольший прирост посевных площадей наблюдался у технической конопли, почти в 16 раз. Лен-долгунец – единственная культура, посевные площади которой последние два года сокращаются, что приводит к снижению валового сбора волокна, следствием этого стала значительная нехватка короткого льноволокна в РФ начиная с марта 2023 года. Ежегодное повышение цен на технологическое оборудование первичной переработки лубяных культур на начало 2023 года составило в среднем 9%. В 2023 году цены реализации льнопеньковолокна выросли в среднем на 65%, увеличилась цена короткого льняного волокна, что связано с высоким спросом. В настоящее время трепаный лен в России используется в основном на сантехнические нужды. Развитие собственной сырьевой базы для текстильных производств идет медленно, несмотря на наличие посевных площадей и государственной поддержки сеющих и перерабатывающих предприятий. The article is devoted to the analysis of the production of bast crops in Russia during the period of import substitution. Fiber obtained from flax, oilseed flax and technical hemp can partially become a substitute for cotton, will allow for import substitution of raw materials, textiles and goods previously imported from abroad. The leader in 2022 in terms of the sown area of 2089.6 thousand hectares and in terms of the number of sowing regions – 57 subjects of the Russian Federation is oilseed flax, which was sown by 34% more than last year. For the period from 2010 to 2022, the largest increase in acreage was observed in technical cannabis, almost 16 times. Flax is the only crop whose acreage has been declining for the last two years, which leads to a decrease in the gross fiber harvest, as a result of which there has been a significant shortage of short flax fiber in the Russian Federation since March 2023. The annual increase in prices for technological equipment for the primary processing of bast crops at the beginning of 2023 averaged 9%. In 2023, the selling prices of flax fiber increased by an average of 65%, the price of short flax fiber increased, which is due to high demand. Currently, tattered flax in Russia is used mainly for plumbing needs. The development of its own raw material base for textile industries is slow, despite the availability of acreage and state support for sowing and processing enterprises.

Oil flax grows in many countries of the world. Fibre production on its basis can significantly increase the profitability of flax-growing farms. At the present stage, taking into account the real possibilities of the national economy, for its effective development  it is necessary to introduce advanced technologies. Cur-rently, processing enterprises may choose among different technological equipment lines to process oil flax into fibre and thus get additional profit. (Research purpose) The determination of a technologically and economical-ly effective line for oil flax processing. (Materials and methods) The main materials for calculation were represent-ed by the indicators of production capacity, the average annual value of fixed as-sets, the amount of money spent on salaries and wages, etc. The main research method is the balance method that allows making a plan in the form of a balance sheet that takes into account the sources of inputs and the requirements for these inputs. (Results and discussions) The authors have considered low-cost lines for oil flax processing into short fibre on the basis of disintegrators of various brands (from domestic and foreign producers), offered characteristics of the fibre obtained in the lines, and analyzed technical and economic indicators of various technologi-cal lines under different conditions, and the payback period of capital expenditures for different oil flax acreages. (Conclusions) The authors have determined that the most effective is the pro-cessing of oil flax from an area of at least 1000 hectares, with a throughput capaci-ty of raw materials of at least 1000 kg/h and a distance of the transportation of straw rolls to a processing site of 50 km. They have also obtained technological and economic data that can be used in the organization of oil flax processing into marketable fibre.