Osteoporosis (OP) along with myocardial infarction, oncological diseases and expected death takes the lead in the general morbidity and mortality profile of population. The indicators of primary and general incidence of OP are markedly different in the regions of Russia according to the Healthcare Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Development Department of the Central Research Institute of Organization and Informatization of Healthcare of the Ministry of Health of Russia and according to the data of epidemiological studies. Osteoporosis is classified as primary, if it develops in postmenopausal women or in older men in the absence of any underlying predisposing disease, and as secondary if there is a pathogenetic relationship with the disease or drug intake. The glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis, which is distinguished in the International Classification System of Diseases and Death Causes (X revision) under code M 81.4 - drug-induced osteoporosis is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis. The topic of glucocorticoidinduced OP affects the professional fields of a significant number of medical specialties in connection with the common use of glucocorticosteroids in medicine. This article presents the issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis, complications of glucocorticoid-induced OP. Particular attention is paid to the prevention of this disease, including such non-pharmacological methods as a balanced diet, body weight gain to the recommended values, smoking cessation, regular exercise against weightlifting and resistance, protection against falls. Drug prophylaxis of glucocorticoid-induced OP is focused on the rational treatment to target of the underlying disease and the use of complex drugs containing vitamin D, calcium and synergistic osteotropic micronutrients.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread disease of synovial joints, the treatment of which determines a significant number of tactical and strategic directions. Currently, there is experience in the local use of so-called synovial fluid (SF) prostheses, which are viscoelastic substances that improve the cushioning properties of the native intra-articular environment. The overwhelming majority of viscoelastic additives are represented by hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives, a natural component of SF, whose biological role consists in maintaining the rheological properties of fluid and the presence of anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and chondro-protective properties. In the development of HA drugs, the main goals are the sustained and controlled release of therapeutic doses of the drug, taking into account the choice of carrier, drug molecule and target articular tissue. Assessing the quality and physiological feasibility of introducing a particular viscoelastic drug into the joint involves determining the so-called crossover frequency - the point of intersection of the viscosity modulus G’ and the elastic modulus G” (G’/G”), which reflects changes in the viscoelastic properties of the SF with increasing load frequency when transitioning from walking to running. Physiological range of frequencies out of the majority of investigated medical products corresponds to a single one, among which there are also variants of domestic production. Numerous studies of local application of some HA drugs in patients with OA confirm their effectiveness and safety, in particular, reduction of pain syndrome, reduction of the need for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, improvement of the quality of life. However, unfortunately, most HA drugs available on the market have not undergone full-fledged clinical trials, so there is a need to study the comparative effectiveness of drugs of this group approved for use and determine their place in the treatment of OA with different variants of the course.

Hyperuricemia (HU), traditionally considered as an important risk factor and therapeutic target for patients with gout, currently draws attention of many researchers from the perspective of its contribution to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome-associated diseases. The study aimed to determine the frequency of detection of HU and its conjugation with burden of metabolic comorbidities in outpatients. HU was detected in 253 (27.1%) of 933 people referred to the determination of the uric acid (UA) level. The investigators took into account the presence of established diagnosis of gout, cardiovascular system diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and urolithiasis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The study showed that patients with HU had four times higher metabolic comorbidity level than individuals with normal UA levels. Not only gout (6.25 times), but also urolithiasis with CKD (2.2 times) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (1.9 times) were more common in people with elevated UA levels. Among patients with HU, women were 2.2 times more likely to have type 2 diabetes than men. Patients with type 2 diabetes and CVD, especially women, need to correct HU to reduce the risk of progression of metabolic disorders. The article presents a brief overview of modern drugs for the management of GU.

Introduction. Among phenotypic variants of osteoarthritis (OA), a special place is occupied by OA with a comorbidity. A therapy of a pain in OA patients with the comorbid for diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) should be carried out with account for its effectiveness and safety.Objective. Perform comparative analysis of the clinical and laboratory characteristics of gonarthrosis and their therapeutic dynamics in moderate comorbid risk groups.Methods. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of gonarthrosis were studied in 386 women (mean age 61.3 ± 7.8 years), of which 162 ones had DM2. We evaluated several characteristics of the pain, which were summarized in the rating of pain (R_P). The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood serum was determined. An analysis of 75 samples of a synovial fluid (SF) obtained by a puncture of knee joints (KJ) in patients with severe synovitis was performed. An open-label controlled short-term trial of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac sodium in gonarthrosis was performed in 30 people in the euglycemic group and in the comorbid one according to DM2.Results. R_P for concomitant DM2 was 22.2% (p = 0.0001) lower than for isolated gonarthrosis, but the concentration of CRP in serum and SF did not differ between groups. The glucose level in the SF with concomitant DM2 was 46.6% (p = 0.0001) higher. NSAIDs were used according to the needs of more than 75% of patients, but women with concomitant diabetes mellitus type 2 used non-selective drugs 1.9 times (p = 0.008) more often. The efficacy and safety of the drug containing diclofenac sodium was comparable in the euglycemic group and in the concomitant diabetes mellitus type 2 group, but patients with comorbid DM2 achieved an effect of 23% less quantity NSAIDs.Conclusions. The use of drugs containing diclofenac sodium in 87% of patients provides an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect with the satisfactory tolerance and the low drug demand, including in patients comorbid for type 2 diabetes.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread disease, the leading symptom of which is pain in the load-bearing joints, and the incidence increases with age. Many patients with OA have several comorbidities, such as arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Currently, there are different approaches to the treatment of OA with and without comorbidity. In particular, oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are not recommended for OA with high comorbidity. The literature review discusses the prospects and popularity of the use of local forms of NSAIDs associated with their equal analgesic efficacy relative to oral drugs, but with a smaller number of adverse events. Data on transcutaneous forms of diclofenac are analyzed, which can provide at least oral equivalent analgesia, improved physical function and reduced stiffness in  osteoarthritis of  the  hands and knee joints, while showing fewer systemic adverse events. This feature of  topical NSAIDs allows them to be considered as an effective first-line treatment option, especially in elderly patients and those with severe comorbidity. Topical medications containing diclofenac as the main active ingredient are popular among both patients and doctors, and their use has an extensive evidence base. Diclofenac ethylenediamine salt has advantages over sodium salt in its penetrating properties, and the form of an emulsion gel containing a hydrophobic phase that slows down the drying of the substance applied to the skin provides ease of use and improves the consumer properties of agents for local antiinflammatory therapy of osteoarthritis.