Information about the presence of drugs and their metabolites in the water of centralized drinking water supply systems is presented; the main groups of drugs found in purified drinking water of large cities are given. The main groups of drugs found in a centralized drinking water supply system include antidepressants (amitriptyllin), antibacterial drugs of various groups (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, azithromycin), narcotic analgesics (cocaine, morphine, their derivatives), psychoactive stimulants, benzodiazepines, hormones (estrogen and its metabolites estrone and estriol). A high level of potential risk to public health is marked due to the presence of steroid hormones and their active metabolites in drinking water. The concept of endocrine dysregulating complexes is formulated. Such complexes can be of a different nature of origin, but all of them affect receptors for estrogen and progesterone. It leads to abnormalities of hormonal regulation, affects endogenous synthesis, transport and secretory function. From the standpoint of ecotoxicology, further ways of working out the problem of the presence of steroid hormones in drinking water are proposed: the development of theoretical approaches to substantiating hygienic standards concerning the monitoring of these compounds in the water of centralized drinking water supply systems.

We studied the influence of the type and structure of polyethyleneimine on bioavailability and expression of plasmid DNA carrying IGF-1 gene. Polymers with different molecular weights (2.5, 10, 25, and 60 kDa) of linear and branching structure were studied. It was found that the time of polyplex circulation in the blood did not exceed 24 h and the maximum concentration of plasmid DNA was attained with complexes with a molecular weight of 60 kDa. Analysis of liver samples showed that administration of 60-kDa branched polyethyleneimine complex provides DNA protection from degradation for 4 h; in 24 h from the start of the experiment, its concentration was significantly higher than the concentration of other studied polyethyleneimines. The expression of plasmid IGF-1 DNA for this complex attained maximum in 4 h and was equal to 15.50 (7.98; 21.98) arb. units/ml. These results allow us to recommend using polyethyleneimines with branched structure and a molecular weight of 60 kDa for improving plasmid DNA protection and bioavailability.

We studied the dynamics of respiratory function in rats during intratracheal poisoning with diisopropyl fluorophosphate and pentylenetetrazole in doses corresponding to the LD50 in humans. The maximum of external respiration impairment was recorded in 30 min after poisoning. Administration of diazepam and atropine both separately and in combination during the development of the first signs of poisoning did not significantly affect the respiration parameters, but reduced the incidence of seizures and contributed to a decrease in the rate of animal death. Intratracheal administration of cholinolytic, β-adrenomimetic, or glutamate receptors antagonist promoted correction of the respiratory function. It was found that the maximum therapeutic effect in case of diisopropyl fluorophosphates poisoning was achieved after intratracheal administration of ipratropium bromide (0.086 mg/kg), salbutamol (0.086 mg/kg), and MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg), while in case of pentylenetetrazole poisoning, intratracheal administration of ipratropium bromide (0.086 mg/kg) was most effective.

This study aimed to determine the aspects of inhalation application of drugs as medical means of protection against lesions by factors of radiation, chemical, and biological nature at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation. Advantages of inhalation administration of drugs and use of individual inhalers of portable type over parenteral and oral administration methods are described. The existing drugs that are most suitable for inhalation at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation include emergency prevention and treatment of toxic pulmonary edema, analgesics, antiradiation, drugs for arresting radiation primary reaction, agents for accelerated radionuclides elimination, and antibacterial and antiviral agents. This list is conditioned by the rapid achievement of the protective effect of the drug during inhalation, both due to the local action in the area of the entrance gate of the intake of damaging agents and the accelerated absorption and systemic action on target organs. This study presents data on existing and promising inhalation drugs (antidotes for warfare agents, recombinant forms of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase) and technical means of their delivery (a metered aerosol inhaler, a metered dry powder inhaler) in the Armed Forces of the European North Atlantic Treaty Organization bloc and the United States for the prevention and treatment of damage e to chemical agents, as well as the prospects of radiomitigator usage (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) by inhalations for acute radiation syndrome treatment and inhalation of complexones of radioactive isotopes. The prospects of inhalation in combination with bronchodilators in the development of acute respiratory failure and toxic pulmonary edema on the background of poisoning with the use of a metered-dose powder inhaler are described. The introduction and use of a metered-dose dry powder inhaler at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation determines the need for its development, taking into account the specifics of the drug usage, as well as the need to unify the dosage form of drugs in combination with one type of inhaler (single-dose or multi-dose).

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