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A complex anthropological survey based on population-genetic methods and a study of a wide spectrum of genetic systems (43 alleles from 17 independent loci) was undertaken among 450 Buryat women of post-reproductive age. The results obtained showed the influence of particular genetic markers and their complex on the formation of peculiarities in the reproduction structure of the Buryat population. A sharp increase in phenotype GC 2-2 frequency and the corresponding GC*2 allele of the group-specific component (GC) was established for women groups with burdened obstetric records. These groups are characterized also by a considerable decrease in the observed geterozygosity (H o ) as compared to its expected value (H e ). Samples including women with multiple pregnancies in the recorded obstetric anamnesis are characterized by a significant increase in the frequency of the rare alleles TF*C3 of the transferrin system and those of PI*Z belonging to the proteinase inhibitor system (a 1 -antitrypsin) as compared to the control group. The results obtained widened current knowledge about the influence of genetic and environmental components on reproduction processes in human populations.

The report presents a comparative analysis of anthropogenetic parameters in the populations of ethnic Greeks and Albanians of the Azov region, which contrast with the Pamirs and Kyrgyzs of the Pamir Mountains. In the highland Pamir populations of the Pastuf and Khuf (Rushan district of Gorno-Badakhshan Administrative Division (GBAD) of Tajikistan) and the Kyrgyzs of Murghab (Murghab district of GBAD), the main factors of microevolutionary changes are environmental conditions along with the influence of ethnic and confessional attitudes and cultural traditions. The pattern of reproduction is natural with unregulated fertility. A decrease in fertility is associated with the height of populations’ habitats above sea level. The populations of Azov – Krasnaya Polyana (ethnic Greeks speaking Rumeíka), Starolaspe (Tatar-speaking Greeks), and compactly populated Albanians of Devninskoye and Georgievka settlements underwent a demographic transition to the family planning system and strict artificial birth control. Populations surrounded by other ethnic groups have an urbanized pattern of reproduction not typical for groups of small and medium size. This population suffers from the effect of abrupt “aging”, with a small proportion of pre-reproductive age and a significant number of post-reproductive cohorts. Reproductive rates are low and the number is supported by migrations from other groups. The anthropogenetic analysis demonstrated that reproduction processes in populations depend on a set of biological and social factors, geographical conditions and environment.