Peptides are biologically active. This quality depends on the technological modes of protein hydrolysis. The research objective was to isolate peptides from the bursa fabricii and evaluate their immunotropic effect on mice of various lines with experimental immunodeficiency and the morphofunctional state of their immunopoiesis organs, i.e., thymus and spleen. The research featured bursa fabricii hydrolysate and peptides, as well as thymus and spleen of male mice. Amine nitrogen was determined according to State Standard R 55479-2013; molecular weight of peptides was determined by gel electrophoresis. The morphometry of the thymus and spleen was calculated using VideoTesT-Morphology 5.0. The research revealed the rational modes of enzymatic hydrolysis of the bursa fabricii protein by papain with subsequent isolation of peptides by ultrafiltration. According to the content of amine nitrogen in the bursa fabricii hydrolysate, the rational concentration of the papain enzyme was 0.15%. The molecular weight of peptides after ultrafiltration of bursa fabricii hydrolysate through membranes with a 43 kDa permeability had different values and depended on the concentration of papain, hydrolysis time, and temperature. The maximal amount of 27–18 kDa peptides was isolated at 36°C (85%) when the concentration of papain was 0.15% (73%), the hydromodule was 1:3 (78%), and the hydrolysis time of the raw material was 6 h (82%). The rational technological parameters of the hydrolysis of the bursa fabricii protein were as follows: concentration of papain – 0.15%, temperature – 36°C, hydromodule – 1:3, and hydrolysis time – 6 h. In immunodeficient mice, bursal peptides prevented a decrease in total cellularity in the thymus, sustained the content of CD3+ cells, activated the maturation of T-lymphocytes and proliferation of B-lymphocytes, and reduced the immunocytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide. The article offers a new technology for obtaining peptides with a pronounced immunotropic effect that can be used in functional food production.
В статье рассмотрены технологии получения пептидов на примере органического синтеза, микроволновой экстракции, химического и ферментативного гидролиза белка и их последующей очистки с помощью мембранной фильтрации, гельэлектрофореза, ионообменной колоночной и высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Проведена систематизация механизмов действия биологически активных пептидов. Рассмотрены противовирусные или мембраноактивные пептиды, которые разделяют на различные категории в соответствии с механизмами действия, включая ингибиторы связывания/присоединения, ингибиторы слияния и проникновения, ингибиторы вирусных ферментов, ингибиторы репликации и пептиды с прямым и косвенным воздействием на вирусы. Показаны новые стратегии в разработке пептидов-ингибиторов ВИЧ-1. Приведены данные о противогрибковых пептидах, которые способны связываться с клеточной стенкой, проникать через мембраны и вызывать гибель бактериальных клеток. Показана возможность иммунотерапии онкологических заболеваний пептидами, путем их взаимодействия с гексокиназой (HK), Bcl-2 и Bcl-xL, что приводит к разрушению раковых клеток при лейкемии и глиобластоме. Рассмотрены другие механизмы действия на опухолевые клетки. В представленном обзоре показано, что пептиды могут быть выбраны в качестве потенциальных биомаркеров при ранней диагностике онкологии.
Introduction. Today, dietary supplements are an integral part of human diet. Some of them are made of hydrolysates of animal origin. Biologically active additives of immunomodulatory action can prevent various diseases. The research objective was to develop a dietary supplement from the bursa of Fabricius obtained from broiler chickens and evaluate its effect on cell viability in culture. Study objects and methods. The study featured biologically active supplement obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the bursa of Fabricius, immature stem cells, and adult differentiated cells of human dermal fibroblasts, HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells, and extract of the bursa of Fabricius. Results and discussion. The research resulted in a new technology of dietary supplement production from the bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens. It included washing, cutting, homogenization, proteolytic enzyme fermentation, and ultrafiltration. When introduced into the culture of mesenchymal stem cells, the dietary supplement caused a slight decrease in the cell viability at concentrations of 25 and 50%, which indicated a possible cytotoxic effect of the extract on mesenchymal cells. The extract did not affect the viability of human fibroblast culture and caused no cytotoxic effect. In MCF-7 culture, the extract had a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, which lowered the relative cell viability. Conclusion. The new dietary supplement based on the bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens had a cytotoxic effect on stem cell cultures. However, it did not affect the cell viability and had no cytotoxic effect on human dermal fibroblasts. The effect depended on the cell culture. In the case of HeLa, the supplement stimulated proliferative activity, and in the case of MCF-7, it had a cytotoxic effect. Therefore, the new dietary supplement demonstrated some prospects as an active ingredient for various biologically active additives and immunomodulatory drugs.
Исследовали влияние экстракта Фабрициевой бурсы цыплят-бройлеров на возможность коррекции иммунодефицитного состояния (ИД) мышей линий C57BL/6 и C57BL/10, вызванного однократным внутрибрюшинным введением циклофосфамида (ЦФА) дозой 200 мг/кг. Инъекции экстракта бурсы осуществляли ежедневно внутрибрюшинно в течение 7 дней дозой 0,1 мл/20 г. Формирование ИД и его коррекцию оценивали по гематологическим показателям и подсчету миелограммы. Введение ЦФА мышам обеих линий оказывало цитостатическое действие на лимфоидный и эритроидный ростки костного мозга и усиливало пролиферацию клеток нейтрофильного ряда, а также вызывало анемию, лимфопению и гранулоцитоз в крови. Инъекции экстракта бурсы после введения ЦФА сопровождались пролиферацией предшественников лимфоцитов, нейтрофилов и эритроцитов в костном мозге у мышей обеих линий, что способствовало увеличению общего количества лейкоцитов в крови и коррекции анемии.
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