Mössbauer spectra of the oxidized [Fe4S4]3+ and the reduced [Fe4S4]2+ clusters in the high-potential iron protein I from Ectothiorhodospira halophila were measured in a temperature range from 5 K to 240 K. EPR measurements and 57Fe electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) experiments were carried out with the oxidized protein. In the oxidized state the cluster has a net spin S = 1/2 and is paramagnetic. As common in [Fe4S4]3+ clusters, the Mössbauer spectrum was simulated with two species contributing equally to the absorption area: two Fe3+ atoms couple to the "ferric-ferric" pair, and one Fe2+ and one Fe3+ atom give the "ferric-ferrous pair". For the simulation of the Mössbauer spectrum, g-values were taken from EPR measurements. A-tensor components were determined by 57Fe ENDOR experiments that turned out to be a necessary source of estimating parameters independently. In order to obtain a detailed agreement of Mössbauer and ENDOR data, electronic relaxation has to be taken into account. Relaxing the symmetry condition in a way that the electric field gradient tensor does not coincide with g- and A-tensors yielded an even better agreement of experimental and theoretical Mössbauer spectra. Spin-spin and spinlattice relaxation times were estimated by pulsed EPR; the former turned out to be the dominating mechanism at T = 5 K. Relaxation times measured by pulsed EPR and obtained from the Mössbauer fit were compared and yield nearly identical values. The reduced cluster has one additional electron and has a diamagnetic (S = 0) ground state. All the four irons are indistinguishable in the Mössbauer spectrum, indicating a mixed-valence state of Fe2.5+ for each.

Measures of social cognition have now become central in neuropsychology, being essential for early and differential diagnoses, follow-up, and rehabilitation in a wide range of conditions. With the scientific world becoming increasingly interconnected, international neuropsychological and medical collaborations are burgeoning to tackle the global challenges that are mental health conditions. These initiatives commonly merge data across a diversity of populations and countries, while ignoring their specificity. Objective: In this context, we aimed to estimate the influence of participants' nationality on social cognition evaluation. This issue is of particular importance as most cognitive tasks are developed in highly specific contexts, not representative of that encountered by the world's population. Method: Through a large international study across 18 sites, neuropsychologists assessed core aspects of social cognition in 587 participants from 12 countries using traditional and widely used tasks. Results: Age, gender, and education were found to impact measures of mentalizing and emotion recognition. After controlling for these factors, differences between countries accounted for more than 20% of the variance on both measures. Importantly, it was possible to isolate participants' nationality from potential translation issues, which classically constitute a major limitation. Conclusions: Overall, these findings highlight the need for important methodological shifts to better represent social cognition in both fundamental research and clinical practice, especially within emerging international networks and consortia. Key Points Question: We estimate the influence of cultural factors on social cognition assessment. Findings: Participants' nationality accounted for more than 20% of the variance of social cognition scores. Importance: Cognitive tasks are developed in highly specific contexts and should not be used in other cultures without adaptations. Next Steps: Finer-grain analyses of cross-cultural variations coupled with neural correlates of performances' convergences and divergences.

The temperature dependence of the mean square displacement of the (57)Fe nuclei due to motion faster than 100 ns are measured by temperature-dependent Mössbauer spectroscopy for oxidized and reduced HiPIPs from Ectothiorhodospira halophila, Chromatium vinosum WT and a Cys77Ser mutant. The behaviour is interpretable in the frame of the general model of protein dynamics distinguishing two temperature intervals. The character of harmonic and quasi-diffusional modes in HiPIPs is discussed. Dynamic information obtained from Mössbauer spectroscopy and Fe K-edge EXAFS are compared. Structure dynamics of the iron-sulfur cluster in the partially unfolded reduced HiPIP from C. vinosum was investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy and EXAFS, indicating an intact metal centre and a protein backbone with a largely collapsed secondary structure. The role of the cofactor during protein folding is discussed. Differences in the dynamics between the native protein and the molten globule are found at physiological temperatures only. The structure and dynamic behaviour of the [Fe(4)S(4)]Cys(3)Ser cluster in the Cys77Ser mutant of the HiPIP from C. vinosum are analysed. The temperature dependence of electron relaxation in oxidized HiPIPs is investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy and analysed theoretically, considering spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation. The latter consists of contributions from direct phonon bottleneck and Orbach mechanisms. The data agree with former pulsed EPR results. Orbach relaxation is interpreted as due to transitions between electronic isomers of oxidized HiPIPs. With this interpretation, the energetic difference between both isomers equals the energy gap estimated from the temperature dependence of the Orbach relaxation.

Mössbauer, 57Fe ENDOR, CW and pulsed EPR experiments were performed on the reduced and the oxidized high-potential iron proteins (HiPIPs) of the wild type (WT) and the C77S mutant from Chromatium vinosum. The EPR spectra of the oxidized WT and mutant show three species respectively having nearly the same g-values but strongly changed spectral contributions. Relaxation times were estimated for oxidized WT and mutant at T = 5 K with pulsed EPR. A-tensor components of both iron pairs were obtained by 57Fe ENDOR, proving a similar magnetic structure for the WT and the mutant. Electronic relaxation has to be taken into account at T = 5 K in native and mutated oxidized HiPIPs to achieve agreement between Mössbauer and 57Fe ENDOR spectroscopies. The Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that the oxidized cluster contains a pure ferric and a mixed-valence iron pair coupled antiparallel. While all cluster irons from reduced C. vinosum WT are indistinguishable in the Mössbauer spectrum, the reduced C77S mutant shows a non-equivalence between the serine-bound and the three cysteine-ligated iron ions. The Mössbauer parameters confirm a loss of the covalent character of the iron bond when S is replaced by O and indicate a shift of the cluster's electron cloud towards the serine. Mössbauer spectra of the oxidized mutant can be simulated with two models: model I introduces a single electronic isomer with the serine always ligated to a ferric iron. Model II assumes two equally populated electronic isomers with the serine ligated to a ferric iron and a mixed-valence iron, respectively. The latter model is in better agreement with EPR and NMR.

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