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При исследовании влияния ультрафиолетового (УФ) излучения на посевные качества семян и биометрические показатели морфологических органов растений различных сельхозкультур ученые не пришли к единому мнению об оптимальных параметрах его воздействия. Мы изучили влияние ультрафиолета от источника VL-6.LC с длиной волны 365 нм в течение 5 и 30 мин на семена яровой и озимой пшеницы различных сортов. Установили, что для семян каждого сорта существует свое оптимальное количество поглощенной энергии, приводящее к максимальному эффекту. На семенах пшеницы сорта Эстер, имеющих низкие показатели всхожести, стимулирующего влияния УФ-излучения не обнаружено. Посевные показатели остальных 4 сортов пшеницы возросли на 1-3 процента. Биометрические показатели у всех исследуемых сортов после облучения улучшились. Отметили, что масса проростков пшеницы после 30 мин облучения увеличивается у всех сортов. При этом у сортов Московская 39 и Юбилейная 100 рост достигал 20 процентов. После 5 мин облучения подобного эффекта не наблюдается. Показали, что высота проростков в зависимости от сорта меняется неоднозначно. После облучения в течение 30 мин высота проростков семян сорта Московская 39 возросла на 30 процентов, а у сортов Юбилейная 100, Дарья и Афина-на 3-5 процентов. Следует отметить влияние УФ-излучения на развитие корневой системы. У всех исследуемых сортов пшеницы, за исключением сорта Дарья, существенно увеличивается длина корней-на 26-60 процентов. Из проведенного эксперимента следует, что УФ-излучение мало влияет на всхожесть семян исследуемых сортов пшеницы, но значительно изменяет биометрические показатели проростков. Установили, что действие УФ-излучения избирательно и зависит от сорта культуры. Самым восприимчивым сортом при облучении длиной волны 365 нм в течение 30 мин оказался сорт озимой пшеницы Московская 39. Ключевые слова: ультрафиолетовое излучение, семена пшеницы, всхожесть, биометрические показатели проростков, яровая и озимая пшеница.

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A b s t r a c tSeeking for effective natural stimulants that enhance crop productivity is relevant to ensure high quality yield production. The influence of physical factors (e.g. electric and magnetic fields, ultraviolet, infrared, laser irradiation) on seeds which contributes to an increase in sowing properties, plant photosynthetic activity, survival and yield is in the focus for researchers. However, a more detailed study of the mechanism of energy influence on the internal seed structure, plant growth and development sill remained relevant. Besides, it is necessary to develop effective, simple, reliable and low cost devices for agrophysical stimulation. The Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM together with the Kazakh National Agrarian University has developed low frequency electromagnetic radiation construct which is mounted directly on combine-harvester to expose seeds to electromagnetic field during harvesting. The purpose of this study is to assess the sowing qualities of seeds and biometric indicators of the derived plants of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Omskaya 18, as influenced by low frequency electromagnetic fields depending on intensity and time of irradiation. The seeds were harvested in September 2015 (Republic of Kazakhstan). The construct used was developed on the basis of the magnetotherapy apparatus Almag-02, placed on a combine-harvester Enisey 1200 NM (Russia). We compared different modes of seed exposure. These were flow treatment (a dynamic mode) at magnetic induction B = 6 mT and frequency f = 10 Hz; static treatment for 3, 6, and 9 min at 6 mT and 3 Hz/16 Hz, and flow treatment at 6 mT and 3 Hz/16 Hz. Irradiated and non-irradiated seeds (control) were used in further studies. Seed germination parameters were estimated in laboratory tests. The seeds were germinated on filter paper in Petri dishes in darkness in a thermostat LP-113 (Labor Muszeripari Muvek Esztergom, Hungary). To assess the growth and development of seedlings and plants we used a phytotron Vic-Terra (FSAC VIM, Russia). Treatment with low frequency electromagnetic field for 9 min in static mode increased seed germination energy and germination rate by 12-13 %. When irradiating seed flow, germination was below the control, e.g. at 6 mТ, 10 Hz this parameter decreased by 4.3 % in the laboratory test and by 3.5 % in the phytotron. Plant weight and height were higher in the irradiated samples. Under static irradiation for 9 min at 6 mТ, 3 Hz and 16 Hz the plant weight was 0.56 and 0.59 g, respectively. The smallest weight (0.46 g per plant) resulted from flow treatment at 6 mТ, 16 Hz. After storage of treated seeds at laboratory conditions for 3 and 7 months the indicators (germination energy and germination rate) remained satisfactory. The best result was noted for seeds, processed in static mode for 9 min at 6 mТ, 3 Hz/16 Hz. A decline in sowing properties did not exceed 6 %, indicating the preserving effect of the electromagnetic field.

Pre-sowing  seed treatment by various energy methods is used as an effective way of stimulating the seed material. (Research purpose) The authors have studied the effect of a low-frequency electromagnetic field on the seed properties of sunflower (Helianthus), soybean (Glycine max) and maize (Zea mays L.) seeds. (Materials and methods) Parameters of the electromagnetic field: induction of 16 mT, pulse repetition rate of 16 Hertz I; exposure time of 15 and 20 minutes. The experiment has been conducted in two stages. The first stage is the determination of the germination and germination energy of irradiated and non-irradiated seeds, as well as the biometric characteristics of seedlings: the mass of stems and leaves, the length and mass of the root system. The second stage is the phenological observations of the growth and development of plants according to the phases of their development in the VIM climatic chamber. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the sowing qualities of maize seeds after 15 min of irradiation are higher than the control ones. It has been determined that germination energy has increased by 10 percent as compared to the control sample, germination by 8 percent, seedling weight by 6.4 percent, weight of stems and leaves by 16, root system by 3.4 and stem height by 30 percent. It has been found that there is no influence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the germination of soybeans both in the laboratory and in the climate chamber. It has been found that at the end of the growing season, the mass of plants irradiated for 20 minutes has turned out to be greater than the control values by 20%, the root mass by 25%, and the root length by 16%. The authors have determined that the treatment of sunflower seeds (Helianthus) with a low-frequency electromagnetic field has no stimulating effect on germination energy and germination capacity, but contributes to an increase in the mass of plants when they are grown in a phytotron. It has been calculated that a 15-minute irradiation of sunflower seeds before sowing resulted in an increase in the mass of plants by 34.9%; the mass of the root system – by 22%; length of roots – by 3.65%; the head (anthodium)  diameter – by 5.3% and their weights – by 25.3 %. (Conclusions) The response of plants to the energy impact depends on the type of crop. It has been determined that low-frequency magnetic radiation without changing the sowing properties of seeds can positively influence the growth and development of plants.