This literature review covers the pathophysiological features of water and sodium exchange in newborns. The main mechanisms regulating fluid and electrolyte balance in newborns are poorly studied. The volume and composition of the extracellular fluid are provided by the functional activity of the kidneys under the control of the neuroendocrine system. The antidiuretic hormone plays the main role in the regulation of water excretion by the kidneys. The volume of intracellular fluid depends on the passive water transport with the participation of aquaporins. Lability of water and electrolyte metabolism in newborns may be accompanied by hyponatremia. For various pathological conditions in the neonatal period, certain types of hyponatremias are characteristic. Correction of hyponatremia should be carried out taking into account its pathophysiological type. Hyponatremia is a common complication associated with severe neonatal brain damage. Hyponatremia contributes to brain damage as an independent factor. The study of indicators of water and electrolyte balance in the neonatal period has an important prognostic value for early detection of damage to the central nervous system.

Objective: to study the clinical features of TORCH syndrome in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection depending on body weight at birthCharacteristics of children and research methods. The study included 70 patients (43 premature, 27 full-term) with with congenital acute cytomegalovirus infection, manifested form. Patient characteristics: Group 1: 21 premature children with extremely and very low body weight at birth; Group 2: 22 premature children with very low body weight; Group 3: 27 full-term children with body weight more than 2,500 g. The congenital cytomegalovirus infection was diagnosed on the presence of TORCH syndrome and etiological verification in the first 3 weeks of life.Results. The authors found that children with extremely and very low body weight significantly more often (p<0.05) had hydrocephalus and interstitial pneumonia than children with low body weight. The full-term patients weighing more than 2,500 g suffered from hemolytic anemia, brain calcifications and congenital heart defects (p<0.05) statistically significantly more often than preterm patients. Reduced duration of pregnancy in preterm labor contributes to the rare occurrence of hemolytic anemia and calcifications in the brain of premature babies. Periventricular localization of calcifications is characteristic of full-term infants. It is necessary to exclude congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborns with congenital heart defects and other clinical manifestations of TORCH syndrome.Conclusion. The results of the study can be used to diagnose cytomegalovirus infection in children, depending on the birth weight.

Целью данного исследования было выявление различий бактериальной колонизации пупочного остатка у новорожденных при совместном пребывании с матерями и у новорожденных, получавших лечение отдельно от матерей. Материалы и методы: проведено исследование 180 новорожденных, родившихся в Перинатальном центре в период с октября 2014 г. по март 2019 г., и распределенных на 3 группы: 82 новорожденных, родившихся при вагинальных родах (ВР) и находившихся в режиме совместного пребывания с матерями; 60 новорожденных, родившихся путем кесарева сечения (КС) и находившихся совместно с матерями; 38 новорожденных, поступивших в ОРИТН и находившихся отдельно от матерей. Уход за пуповиной у всех новорожденных заключался в естественном высыхании пуповины. Учитывались способ родоразрешения, паритет беременности, пол ребенка, вес при рождении и гестационный возраст. Данные анализировались программой SPSS (версия 20.0). Определение нормальности распределение данных проводилось с использованием критерия χ-квадрат Колмогорова-Смирнова. Результаты. Анализ данных показал, что в исследуемых группах не выявлено существенных различий бактериальной обсемененности у детей разного пола и первородящих матерей, но отмечались различия в зависимости от сроков беременности и веса при рождении.

The article presents research methods to detect the frequency of diagnostic errors.Objective: to compare clinical and pathological diagnoses in order to determine the frequency, causes and ways of avoiding diagnostic errors in children with infectious pathology specific to the perinatal period. The authors studied 234 death cases in the intensive care unit for newborns in 2006–2018, and they found diagnostic errors in 18,3% of cases. 53,4% of the diagnostic errors were associated with unrecognized infectious diseases specific to the perinatal period. The authors found that the correct intravital diagnosis was impossible for objective reasons in 65% of cases. Those objective reasons were mainly caused by diagnostic difficulties due to the lack of characteristic clinical data or the atypical course. Almost in every third patient the diagnostic errors were caused by subjective reasons and were associated with the diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and neonatal sepsis. The subjective errors were often caused by the so-called doctor’s bona fide delusion due to a lack of knowledge, skills, experience. As the judgment error was the most common reason for misdiagnosis we need to improve the clinicians’ cognitive condition. Based on the audit results, the authors proposed the additional diagnostic approaches for certain diseases. One way to reduce errors is to improve educational initiatives for doctors.