РЕЗЮМЕСахарный диабет (СД) связан с изменениями в структуре головного мозга и ухудшением когнитивных функций от легкой до умеренной степени по данным нейропсихологического тестирования. В условиях растущей эпидемии СД и увеличения числа людей, доживающих до старости, когнитивная дисфункция, ассоциированная с СД, может иметь серьезные последствия для будущего общественного и практического здравоохранения. Хроническая гипергликемия, тяжелые эпизоды гипогликемии и микрососудистые осложнения являются важными факторами риска, общими для СД 1-го и 2-го типа. Также СД связан со структурными и функциональными изменениями в головном мозге, которые возможно диагностировать посредством различных вариантов магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) головного мозга. В представленном обзоре рассмотрены исследования, проведенные за последние два десятилетия, чтобы улучшить понимание того, как СД влияет на функцию и структуру головного мозга. Также описаны изменения, характерные для СД 1-го и 2-го типа при проведении стандартной, функциональной МРТ и протонной магнитно-резонансной спектроскопии, и их особенности.Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет, когнитивные нарушения, нейровизуализационные методики.Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов, связанных с публикацией настоящей статьи.Источник финансирования. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансирования при проведении исследования.
Aim. To study the features of biochemical and morphometric parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cognitive impairment (CI).Material and methods. The experimental group included 72 patients with CI and T2D, the control group − 20 patients with T2D and without CI. We used the Montreal Cognitive Scale (MoCA) to assess the presence of CI. We also evaluated the levels of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and data of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results. We revealed that patients with T2D and CI have high HbA1c levels, but there was no significant difference of 1,5-AG levels between the groups. In patients with CI, we also established a decrease in gray and white matter surface area, as well as subcortical structures (the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and putamen on both sides; the amygdala and globus pallidus on the right). The severity of CI correlated with polyneuropathy severity. In patients with proliferative retinopathy, there was a decrease in the volume of the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen and nucleus accumbens. Conclusion. The study revealed that patients with T2D with CI have worse levels of carbohydrate metabolism parameters, as well as a decrease in the cortical and subcortical brain structures.
Objective — to study the morphometric characteristics of the brain in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) receiving insulin therapy in diff erent modes, taking into account the variability of glycemia. Material and methods. 120 patients with type 1 diabetes, living in Tomsk and the Tomsk Region, were examined. All patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 — patients receiving insulin in the base-bolus regimen of multiple insulin injections (MII), group 2 — using pump insulin therapy by continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin using a wearable dispenser (CSII). Patients took this therapy for at least 6 months before inclusion in the study. All patients underwent a general clinical examination, testing of cognitive functions using the Montreal scale (MoCA test), continuous monitoring of blood glycemia (CMG) using iPro™ 2 Professional Continuous Glucose Monitoring (Medtronic, USA), FreeStyle Libre (Abbot, USA) in for 14 days, standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a 1.5 Tesla apparatus in axial, sagittal and coronal projections using T2, TE, T1, and using programs that suppress the signal of free water. We processed the results of MRI using Free Surfer (USA) and recon-all segmentation algorithm. Statistical analysis was performed using the R-system software package. Results. It was found that in both groups with type 1 diabetes there was a decrease in cognitive functions. It has been shown that CSII is associated with the best completion of the MoCA test. In addition, it has been reported that more frequent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and increased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are the main causes of cognitive impairment in this group of patients. Changes in the morphometric parameters of the brain are interconnected with glycemic variability. Conclusion. In patients with type 1 diabetes, cognitive impairment associated with acute and chronic hyperglycemia was verifi ed. Morphometric features of brain changes are more dependent on glycemic variability. CSII helps improve cognitive function.
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