Spring floods in Siberia annually affect local communities. Major urban settlements in the region implemented flood control structures, so rural areas take a heavy beating. In 2018, spring floods severely hit multiple communities in central Yakutia, exposing deficient flood prevention and risk management practices. Notably, Amga village, an important local center, was severely inundated. Hydrological analysis shows that the 2018 flood had a 50-yr return period, and was caused by an ice jam in a nearby channel bend where mid-channel sand bars impede ice movement during breakup. The cold spells of late April and early May in the middle section of the river promote ice-jam development, causing extreme water stage rise. Highest water stage is unrelated to either winter snow water equivalent or early May rainfall. Estimated tangible direct damage to the Amga community equals 5.1B ($81.5M) in 2018 prices, but only 0.13B ($2.1M), or 2.5% of this total, was reclaimed. A questionnaire survey revealed that most residents report important deterioration of drinking water quality and health after flooding. Residents respond positively to risk mitigation actions, implemented by the local and regional authorities, except ice dusting and cutting, and report minor activity of official sources in spreading information on flood progress.
The purpose of the article is to study the shadow economy assessment methodology. This article presents a comprehensive study of the parameters of a shadow economy, considers its essence, and defines its terminology. This study outlines the historical approach to the development of the shadow economy, both in Russia and worldwide, and gives a brief analysis of the economy of the Republic of Sakha. The authors examined the specifics of the statistical methods applied in assessing various structural elements of a shadow economy and measured and assessed the shadow economy in this region. The research conducted enabled the authors to formulate the main measures required to reduce the shadow economy. The scientific novelty is justified by the research results, which included studying and summarizing a wide range of published and unpublished materials, the examination of the initial and transitional periods of the shadow economy development in Yakutia. The article reveals the main causes and conditions that lead to the formation of the shadow economy in various sectors of the Yakutia economy. The solutions and suggestions proposed in the article are aimed at reducing the shadow economy parameters. The scientific research results are of theoretical and applied importance for public administration and authorities to improve the effectiveness of the fight against the shadow economy manifestations.
This article considers political participation in presidential elections, the most important elections at the federal level in Russia, as the phenomenon of sustainable development of a cross-border region (Yakutia). Material of a sociological study on the readiness for political participation as a preliminary analysis of the election results are presented and rigorously discussed.
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