The article gives a rationale for rebuilding the country’s innovation capacity as a key task of the current economic policy of the state, since it is the use of innovations that is extremely important for successful business activity and for obtaining competitive advantages in the world market. The subject matter of the study is the role of banking system, whose lending activity can serve as a powerful source for funding innovation, which, in turn, is seen as a key driver for investment and economic growth. The purpose of the research paper is to substantiate the appropriate theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the role of the banking system within the framework of stimulating innovative development of the economy. The article critically analyzes the current state of innovation activity in Ukraine and systematizes the main factors restraining the innovative development of the economy. Particular attention is paid to the lack of funding for innovation, the ineffective structure of the national economy, and insufficient state financial support. The lack of an adequate level of funding for innovation activities of enterprises is identified as one of the main constraints on the introduction of innovations and enhancement of innovation potential. It is stressed that the limited amount of own funds and the objective difficulties in attracting foreign financial resources of investors are usually the main reasons for the low degree of innovation activity of enterprises in Ukraine. It is argued that it is the banking system that can act as the main institutional element of the innovation infrastructure, which has the proper organizational, technological and financial potential, sufficient for accumulation and redistribution of those investment resources that are necessary for activating the innovation process in the national economy. The advantages of banks in comparison with other participants of the financial market are determined, which determines the key role of the banking system in the innovative development of the economy. The author articulates a set of organizational, institutional and economic measures at the macro- and micro-levels which can contribute to incorporating the banking system into the framework of stimulating innovation processes.
Introduction. Due to the fact that monetary policy has always been the most important tool of state influence on the real sector and the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators, the most effective monetary response of the central bank to any external shocks causing the economic crisis is necessary condition for successful economic development of each country. And as the pandemic crisis has become such a shock, both nationally and globally, the search for effective levers to offset its negative effects is among the top priorities for the monetary authorities of all countries. The experience of the US Federal Reserve in this regard is of direct practical interest given the significant developments in the modification of monetary instruments since the previous global financial and economic crisis, and therefore requires detailed study to be used to stabilize the situation and ensure proper functioning of all market mechanisms. The purpose of the article is to identify the causes and main directions of change in the practice of monetary instruments to respond to economic challenges caused by the global pandemic crisis, based on a comprehensive analysis of the experience of the US Federal Reserve as the world's leading central bank. Results. The main aspects of the negative impact of the pandemic on the US economy, the development of which in the context of globalization significantly affects the rest of the world, and therefore the actions of the Federal Reserve to counter the effects of the crisis are of scientific and practical interest in terms of finding non-standard approaches to respond quickly to pandemic economic shocks. The objective economic reasons that determine the limitations of the regulator's ability to apply traditional monetary policy instruments are considered and systematized. Emphasis is placed on the manifestation of the liquidity trap, which does not allow the active use of interest rate policy as a tool to stimulate economic growth. The circumstances under which the Federal Reserve was forced to actively combine traditional and non-traditional monetary policy instruments have been identified. In this regard, the whole set of measures for the Fed's monetary response to the effects of the pandemic crisis was proposed to be classified into five areas: interest rate policy; quantitative easing; support for financial markets; intensification of bank lending; real sector support. Based on this, a strong shift in the focus of the Fed's monetary policy towards supporting households and businesses through massive infusions of liquidity into the economy has been justified. Perspectives. As an important direction of scientific research in the near future should be considered the search for optimal ways of monetary response of central banks to manifestations of crisis phenomena, taking into account, in particular, the positive experience of the Federal Reserve System in shifting the priorities of monetary impact on the economy - from achieving certain targets of inflationary dynamics to supporting the real sector and stimulate economic growth.
У статті проаналізовано кількісні та якісні зміни на ринку платіжних інструментів, головне місце в якому належить платіжним карткам банків в умовах, коли цифровізація економіки визначає головні тренди розвитку не лише фінансового сектора, але й усіх аспектів життєдіяльності людини. Обґрунтовано фактори, що зумовлюють стратегічне значення ринку платіжних карток для стимулювання економіки та рівня життя суспільства.Визначено сучасні тенденції розвитку фінансового ринку в Україні, які свідчать, що платіжні картки як ключовий інструмент віддаленого доступу до банківських рахунків є головним рушієм розвитку безготівкових платіжних операцій та просування інституційних засад грошового обігу в бік усе більшого зростання його безготівкової складової, що відображає запит суспільства на здешевлення, прискорення й поліпшення розрахунків. Глобальні процеси щодо побудови економічних відносин на основі цифрової трансформації роблять цей тренд незворотнім.Проаналізовано динаміку основних кількісних параметрів функціонування ринку платіжних карток в Україні за останні п’ять років, що вказують на його активний якісний розвиток і наявність стійких тенденцій до зростання. Водночас, незважаючи на те, що з розвитком інформаційних технологій банками впроваджуються нові сервіси й форми обслуговування за допомогою платіжних карток, у статті відзначено і певні проблеми подальшого розвитку цього ринку, що пов’язано з усе ще існуючими конкурентними перевагами використання готівки, а також окремими інституційними труднощами функціонування банківського сектора.
Анотація. У статті проведено оцінку перебігу економічних процесів і негативних ефектів, що позначаються на розвитку всіх країн світу, включаючи Україну, через розгортання пандемічної кризи. Вивчення можливостей пом'якшення економічних наслідків пандемії за допомогою механізмів оперативного реагування на подіб ні виклики у сфері монетарної політики й функціонування банківського сектору є предметом статті, в якій, по-перше, проаналізовано характерні ознаки макроекономічної динаміки та структурні недоліки національної економіки, розвиток кот рої сильно залежить від зовнішньоторгового обороту, у зв'язку з чим пандемія виступає тригером загострення наявних перманентних проблем на тлі розгортання кризових явищ. По-друге, критично оцінено антикризові заходи Національного бан ку України, покликані забезпечити безперебійну роботу банків, вказано на недоліки монетарного регулювання й окреслено напрями роботи банківського сектору як головної ланки передання імпульсів антикризового впливу держави на економіку. По-третє, з позицій світового досвіду обґрунтовано ключову роль центральних бан ків у системі заходів щодо пом'якшення економічних наслідків пандемії завдяки використанню сукупності традиційних і нетрадиційних інструментів монетарної політики.
The article highlights the need to thoroughly study the issue of money as an economic concept, which enables the shaping of an adequate idea of the complex system of economic relations and implementing policies for the state’s influence upon the market economy through institutions of the credit system. The paper provides a critical analysis of the theoretical and methodological approaches to the issue of money, which view the phenomenon through external forms of manifestation or functionality. Some competitive approaches applied for under- standing the issue of money are critically considered. It is concluded that they define money depending on its material nature, particularly commodity or non-commodity nature. It is stressed that money represents the very possibility of economic life of the society and serves as a basis for continuous and permanent economic activities of people. In this regard, there are attributes according to which money should be seen as a social phenomenon, which supports institutional sustainability of economic life and provides social connections in the reproduction process, and thus ensuring its continuity. It is justified that the most appropriate way to define the essence of money is through the concept of overall equivalent, or a measure of value of all goods and services. This reflects the correlation of all goods and money, a universal measure of value, and therefore makes goods suitable for exchange. It is emphasized that money, being necessary for everyone as an equivalent, can be considered as a specific economic good which is able to definitely and freely be accepted as payment for all goods and services and measurement of their value. Such theoretical and methodological approach implies that in order to determine the essence of money, it is necessary to specify its particular attribute that allows money to perform all their functions. The circumstances under which the essence of modern money reflects the process of transforming money from a product of commodity exchange into a completely independent economic phenomenon are defined. Thus, money is able to influence both the production of goods and their exchange, indicating the role of money as a driver of human civilization.
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