The article covers the issues associated with determining spleen topography in living individuals in an up- right body position, as well as assessing the organ displacement during a deep breath and a change in shoulder position. A review of scientific literature revealed that all previous studies on the mechanism underlying spleen injuries are based on the generally accepted topographic location of the organ, which was determined using cadaveric material.Aim. To determine spleen topography (holotopy and skeletopy) in living individuals (both male and female) of different age groups, as well as to assess the organ displacement during a deep breath and when the shoulder position is changed.Material and methods. We conducted spleen ultrasound in adults of various age groups (males and females), 30 of whom were also examined in terms of its displacement when the shoulder position was changed. The position of the organ was noted during quiet and deep breathing, as well as when the shoulder position was changed; distance between the reference points was measured with the subsequent statistical analysis of the results.Results. It was found that the spleen of a quietly breathing person in an upright body position is projected from the lower edge of the 8th left rib to 10th left rib along axillary lines. During a deep breath, the organ is displaced downward, on average by 5.15 ± 1.48 cm (from 3 cm to 8 cm), and slightly, on average by 1.34 ± 1.25 cm, forward (from 1 cm to 4.5 cm). The longitudinal axis of the spleen is perpendicular to that of the rib. Changes in the position of the shoulder in the shoulder joint revealed no spleen displacement.Conclusion. The obtained data on the topographic location of the spleen will allow forensic medical experts to establish as objectively as possible the mechanism underlying spleen damage in terms of locating injurious exposure.

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При проведении судебно-медицинских экспертиз возникает необходимость определить механизм пере-ломов, формирующихся при различных вариантах трав-мирующих воздействий. Безусловно, чем выше точ-ность метода решения, тем большую доказатель -ную ценность для органов следствия приобретает экс-пертиза.Современные компьютерные технологии, конеч но-элементный анализ позволяют моделировать процесс раз-рушения максимально близко к реальным усло виям.Метод конечно-элементного анализа (от англ. -finite element analysis -FEA), широко используемый при реше-нии задач механики деформируемого твердого тела, элек-тро-и магнитостатики, газодинамики, а также других об-ластей физики, основан на использовании математиче-ского метода конечных элементов [1,2].Метод конечных элементов (МКЭ) -численный ме-тод решения дифференциальных уравнений с частными производными, а также интегральных уравнений при ре-шении задач прикладной физики [1,2]. Проведено моделирование процесса формирования разрушения большеберцовой кости в области диафиза и проксимального эпифиза методом конечно-элементного анализа. Изучена топография силовых напряжений на модели кости. Установлено, что при нагружении по оси кости и перпендикулярно ее поверхности в области верхней трети (область значительного преобладания губчатого вещества) образуется вдавленный перелом в месте травмирующего воздействия. При тех же условиях нагружения в средней трети (область значительного преобладания компактного вещества) образуется поперечный перелом.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the possibilities of innovative research methods in forensic medicine-scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersion analysis. The described methods were used in conducting experimental studies in the case of a gunshot retrograde injury. Aim. The purpose of the work was to study the particles formed during the destruction of a semi-shell shell and an obstacle (triplex car glass) when fired from a hunting Saiga carbine with 5. 45x39 cartridges. Material and methods. Car triplex windshields from BMW and Mercedes-Benz cars were used as a barrier. The shots were fired from a hunting Saiga carbine with a 5.45x39 cartridge. The shots were fired from a distance of 10 m. As targets, white calico with dimensions of 100x150 cm was used, stretched on a wooden frame, or fixed on a chipboard. The distance between the target and the barrier was 100 cm, which roughly corresponded to the distance from the windshield of the car to the driver and the passenger in the front seat. The studies were carried out using the SEM "Hitachi FlexSem1000 II" and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer "Bruker Quantax 80". Results. As a result of the conducted research with the help of microscopy, the presence of 7 types of foreign bodies on the surface of the target was established, which are the products of the destruction of the fire projectile and the barrier: glass fragments; glass fragments; crumbly deposition of glass particles; glass fragments caked with the metal of the projectile; fragments of the projectile; spherical metal particles; overlays of molten metal in the form of puddles. With the help of energy dispersion analysis, it was possible to determine the elemental composition of the particles of the barrier, the fire shell, and to identify the overlap of the target particles. Conclusion. As a result of the experimental study, it was found that the use of SEM and EDS analysis significantly increases the effectiveness and evidence-based expert research in solving the problems of causing damage through the barrier-the windscreen of modern cars. Key words: scanning electron microscopy, gunshot trauma, energy dispersion analysis, fragments of the barrier.

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