N-Acylamidophosphinates RC(X)NHP(Y)R' 2 (NAAP) and their thioanalogues (X,Y= O, S; R = Alk, Ar, CCl 3 , Het, NR 2 2 , NR 2 R 3 ; R ' = Ar, OAlk, OAr, SAlk, NAlk 2 , NHAr) contain X, Y donor atoms and amide nitrogen, which are capable of taking in complexation with metal cations. An application of NAAP complexes in supramolecular chemistry has been investigated in the last decades. Developed synthetic methods allow us to obtain N-acylamidophosphinate ligands contained multiple chelating groups or a combination of several essentially various coordinating fragments in the molecule: chelating moiety C(X)NHP(Y) and a macrocycle. The latter ligands are capable of connecting ions simultaneously by the chelating sites, and by the "guest-host" mechanism using the macrocycle. The bibliography includes 104 references.Investigation of complexing properties of conjugated organophosphorous anions is an important issue of modern coordination and organoelement chemistry [1,2]. The application of NMR, IR and UV spectroscopic methods to study the structure and dynamic processes in solutions of such compounds allows to investigate the nature of the chemical bonds in the conjugated organophosphorous anions and opens the way for the creation of new types of selective complexing agents.N-Acylamidophosphates, N-acylamidophosphinates and their thioanalogues with common formula RC(X)NHP(Y)R`2 (NAAP) contain X, Y donor atoms and an amido nitrogen atom which can be involved in complexation (Scheme 1). In terms of reactivity NAAP are quite different from each other depending on the nature and combination of atoms X and Y in the molecule, as well as the nature of substituents of (thio)carbonyl and (thio)phosphoryl moieties. Scheme 1.

The published data of the last decade concerning the mechanism of the Kabachnik ± Fields reaction and its significance for the chemistry of organophosphorus compounds as a method for the synthesis of a-amino phosphonates and their numerous functionally substituted derivatives and analogues, such as phosphinates and phosphine oxides, are generalised and systematised. The review discusses the classical version of the Kabachnik ± Fields reaction, its modifications with the use of phosphorus chlorides, neutral esters and inorganic phosphorus acids, as well as chemical processes simulating separate steps of the reaction, viz., hydrophosphorylation of imines and amination of a-hydroxy phosphonates. Data on the practical application of a-amino phosphonates are presented. The bibliography includes 253 references.

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I. The electronegativity of atoms 375 II. The electronegativity of groups 378 III. The concept of `orbital' electronegativities and the equalisation principle 380 IV. Electronegativity and the density functional theory 382 V. The concept of `inductive' electronegativities 386 VI. Conclusion 390