History of rye (Secale cereale L.� breeding began from the first targeted selections made in Germany by the Probsteier Seed coo�erative around 1�50�� and over 150 years breeding yielded a tremendous amount of results. rye has also long been used as cytological subject due to its low number of chromosomes and their size. However�� genetic findings in rye u� to the early 19�0s were rather scant. About 120 genes could be assigned to seven lin�age grou�s. only through the develo�ment of new methods such as c-banding�� in situ DnA hybridization�� enzymology and molecular mar�er techniques achieved an enormous �rogress. Particularly�� the latter was driven by agronomic success of hybrid breeding in rye. The basic genetic �nowledge resulted from intra-and inters�ecies genetic diversity assay and �hylogenetic studies in the genus Secale using nuclear and cyto�lasmic molecular mar�ers facilitated successful selection of �arents for hybrid breeding and hence contributed to im�rovement of heterosis effects. Main achievements in rye hybrid breeding and genetic mechanisms ex�loited for different hybrid breeding strategies are discussed. The utilsation of landraces and wild relatives via advanced bac�cross �rocedures�� combined by QTL analysis and introgression libraries�� contributed to increase of heterotic effects. Those mar�er-assisted a��roaches became the basis of recent hybrid breeding of rye. Prediction of hybrid �erformance can also be im�roved significantly by mar�er-assisted selection and genomic selection based on genomewide mar�er data. The findings in rye genetics (including �hylogenetic�� ma��ing and �o�ulation studies� are reviewed in their relation with the hybrid breeding �ur�oses and demands. overall�� about 450 mor�hological and biochemical traits are ma��ed throughout the genome �lus about 5��000 DnA mar�ers. They are not only associated with individual chromosome or segments but also efficiently used for com�arative ma��ing (evolutionary studies��� Селекция ржи ведет сво� истори� на�иная с 1�50 г. с направленной селекции в семеновод�еском хозяйстве Probsteier (Германия�. Более �ем 150-летний период селекции дал колоссал��ные резул��таты. Благодаря малому �ислу и не�ол��шим размерам хромосом рож�� долгое время �ыла о�ъектом цитологи�еских исследований. тем не менее вплот�� до на�ала 19�0-х годов информации в о�ласти генети�еских исследований ржи �ыло не так уж много. Бол��шие успехи �ыли достигнуты тол��ко с развитием новых методов�� таких как дифференциал��ное c-окрашивание�� ги�ридизация in situ�� �елковые и молекулярные маркеры. �олекулярно-генети�е-ские исследования на ржи полу�или мощный импул��с в зна�ител��ной степени �лагодаря селекции ги�ридных форм ржи и успешному внедрени� ги�ридных сортов в производство. Фундаментал��ные генети�еские знания�� основанные на анализе внутри-и межвидового разноо�разия и филогенети�еских отношений в роде Secale�� в том �исле с помощ��� ядерных и цитоплазмати�еских ДН��-маркеров�� спосо�ствовали успешному под�ору родител��ских форм для скрещивания и тем самым внесли...