Проведен анализ лесных пожаров на территории Иркутской области, выявлены причины возгорания и масштабного распространения пожаров. Предложен новый подход к решению проблемы тушения лесных пожаров, который заключается в применении комбинированной мобильной техники, позволяющей выполнять сельскохозяйственные и хозяйственные функции, а также функции пожаротушения. Рассмотрен один из вариантов такой техники на примере устройства для метания грунта и пробивания водой. Предложена модель для оценки необходимых для тушения сил и средств, учитывающая новый подход. Forest fires, as shown by the results of numerous studies, are a complex uncontrollable process that leads to significant material damage, changes in the ecosystem and soil erosion. The reason for such a large number of forest fires and significant damage is that a long time passes from the moment of detection and warning to the fire localization start. In most cases, the protection of nearby forest areas is carried out by residents of adjacent settlements (creation of mineralized belts and plowing of adjacent areas). But the available technical means that are located in remote settlements do not meet the requirements for intensive fire extinguishing and suppression in the shortest possible time. The carried out studies were related to a greater extent to model the control of the extinguishing intensity, taking into account the technical equipment and a certain extinguishing technology. The introduction of scientific research in relation to fire hazards in forest plantations determines the relevance of the results obtained. The main goal of this work was to study the effect on the fire intensity. Taking into account our proposed extinguishing technology, using a device for throwing soil and simultaneously water spilling, the impact intensity of each type of control actions on fire is set by a vector that is included into the natural fire model. Based on the results of the study there was determined a control action for fire extinguishing in the form of a vector, which would allow to control the impact intensity on a fire by each of the types of controlled factors. Particular attention was paid to special mobile technical appliances, which should include a unit for throwing soil and cutting reclamation strips in the aisles of coniferous forest plantations, as well as the required amount of fire extinguishing liquid with a motor pump for spilling fires. Technical hitch and fire fighting equipment must be aggregated with mini-tractors of sufficient power, which can move freely in the aisles of coniferous forest stands. The results obtained should be used to extinguish forest fires in remote settlements, to develop methods, technologies and methods for extinguishing such fires, allowing to reduce the intensity of fire spread. The proposed mathematical model allows to select the most significant control parameters to achieve the maximum function of the impact intensity on the fire. The use of technology with special ground throwers for timely response and cutting of militia strips working with general-purpose tractors, the creation of artificial reservoirs, near remote settlements will allow to reduce the area of fires as well as the damage from forest fires in the territories of remote settlements of Siberia.

Проанализированы известные данные по эксплуатируемым в Российской Федерации типам электротранспорта, а также случаи возгораний на электротранспорте, причины их возникновения. используемые средства пожаротушения. Рассмотрен принцип работы аккумуляторных батарей, применяемых в электротранспортных средствах. Указаны классы пожаров в литий-ионных аккумуляторных батареях. Определены направления разработки огнетушащих веществ и средств их подачи для тушения литий-ионных аккумуляторных батарей. The paper analyzes the known data on the available types of electric vehicles operated in the Russian Federation. The cases of fires in electric vehicles in various countries of the world are described. The principle of operation of batteries is considered. There are described the causes of ignition of lithium-ion batteries: mechanical damage of cells; violation of production technology (uneven cutting of electrodes, or ingress of metal particles between the anode and cathode, which leads to damage of the separator); violation of operating rules (improper charging: exceeding the maximum permissible voltage, charging at high currents); germination of lithium chains through the separator; overheating of the battery from external sources. There are specified the classes of fires typical for combustion of lithium-ion batteries. There are given various extinguishing agents used for the most effective and quick decrease of the battery cell temperature as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The laboratory installation and test procedure have been developed to determine the extinguishing capacity of a liquid extinguishing agent when extinguishing lithium-ion batteries. A diagram of a laboratory installation for determining the extinguishing capacity of the extinguishing agent when extinguishing lithium-ion batteries is given. According to this method during the test the temperature readings are constantly monitored. The time from the start of extinguishing to the moment of stopping the flame combustion of the batteries in the model hearth and the time from the moment of stopping the flame combustion to the moment when the temperature inside the model hearth does not exceed 90 °С are recorded. The consumption q of the liquid extinguishing agent is also determined. According to the developed methodology, tests of the liquid extinguishing agent will be carried out. On the basis of FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOME of Russia there are being developed fire extinguishing agents and means of their supply for extinguishing lithium-ion batteries. The directions for the development of fire extinguishing agents and means of their supply for extinguishing lithium-ion batteries have been determined.

Проведен анализ огнетушащих составов, применяемых для тушения активных металлов (пожары класса D). Отмечено, что основные современные средства обеспечения пожаротушения представляют собой галогенсодержащие соли (фториды или хлориды щелочных и щелочно-земельных металлов), препятствующие доступу кислорода без ингибирующего эффекта по отношению к самому горящему металлу. При этом данные солевые композиции не лишены недостатков из-за их высокой гигроскопичности (содержания кристаллизационной воды), что усложняет тушение. Ввиду последнего разработка более эффективных огнетушащих составов для тушения активных металлов является достаточно актуальной и перспективной. Ignition of active metals and their alloys often results in significant material damage. This determines the relevance for development of means to eliminate the possibility of ignition of metals and their alloys in zones of their most likely occurrence - during their melting and refining in metallurgical processes, in the technological processes of their processing and manufacturing of products by enterprises of various industries. For these purposes it is necessary to equip both consumers and special fire departments with highly effective means to ensure fire safety. Burning of active metals is characterized by a very rapid development of the oxidation reaction in the air due to their high reactivity. At the same time, for example, in a D1 class fire (burning of light metals except alkaline), the upper temperature threshold can reach 3000 °C. Alkaline and alkaline-earth metals are able to sustain combustion with limited air oxygen or contact with nitrogen or oxygen-containing substances. Extinguishing metals and their compounds differs from extinguishing fires of other classes. The main extinguishing agent used at protection facilities is a special purpose extinguishing powder. Class D fire extinguishing with a special purpose extinguishing powder consists in creating a protective layer on the burning surface. The use of calming nozzles practically prevents the formation of the air suspension when applying a fire extinguishing agent to burning area. Thus, the principle of extinguishing metals with powder extinguishing agents is to isolate and interrupt the chain reaction of burning. Despite the sufficient effectiveness of the powder compositions used, there was also identified a number of significant drawbacks in the work: a large consumption of extinguishing agent, the difficulty of supplying extinguishing agent to the hearth due to high temperature, the high cost of special extinguishing powders of a new generation, etc. As a matter of fact, it is concluded that the search for more effective means of extinguishing fires of metals and their alloys is relevant and promising, with the absence of these shortcomings.

Проведен анализ имеющихся разработок средств пожаротушения, основанных на импульсном способе подачи огнетушащего вещества (ОТВ). Сделаны предположения о механизме прекращения горения при подаче ОТВ в очаг пожара импульсным способом. Отмечена перспективность применения импульсного способа подачи ОТВ в различные очаги возгорания. Принцип построения импульсного пожаротушения позволяет легко составлять конфигурацию под различные требования, а также дает возможность наращивания существующих систем противопожарной защиты. The problem of eliminating fires spreading over large areas in closed and semi-closed spaces (warehouses, cable channels, high-rise buildings, etc.) is important and difficult to solve. Firstly, it is difficult to get close to such fire, therefore it is necessary either to solve the problem of supplying extinguishing agents from a long distance which complicates the fire extinguishing process or to install automatic fire extinguishing systems in close proximity to the source that is very difficult due to potentially destruction by possible explosions. Secondly, in order to suppress a developed fire from a long distance it is necessary to supply extinguishing agent continuously for a long time or to supply a large amount of extinguishing powder directly to the flame source at the same time. It is a very difficult task since it is necessary to get into a small diameter relative to the distance to it. The aforesaid suggests that it is necessary to investigate various ways of supplying a fire extinguishing agent. The paper provides an overview of the development of fire extinguishing means based on a pulse method of supplying the extinguishing agent to the ignition source. Currently special attention is paid both to the development of such technologies and to the creation of such fire extinguishing tools that would allow suppressing fire without coming into direct contact with it. Direct contact with fire means that a person exposes to a number of fire hazards: high temperatures, lack of air and visibility, risks associated with the unpredictability of the situation. In some cases, successful suppression of the source of combustion can be ensured by means and methods of extinguishing that allow remotely supplying of fire extinguishers directly to the combustion zone in a short period of time (1-2 s) in the amount necessary to suppress the fire. The pulse supply method developed and implemented in various kinds of devices meets this requirement in terms of its potential capabilities.