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A b s t r a c tEffective sterilization of plant explants and antiseptics rules compliance do not exclude the presence of so-called covert (endophytic) bacteria in in vitro cultures. But the role of these bacteria in tissues cultures has been not enough studied whereas it was related to the explants regeneration capacity and the possibility of animal and human cells transformation under in vitro cultivation. Bacterial strains pathogenic to humans can be stably maintained in cultivated tissues and ex vitro plants. The broadening of bacterial environments creates ecological and genetic risks leading to necessity of careful monitoring of endophytic communities in plants used as raw food and at use of in vitro technologies in practical plant growing and food production. Identification of bacterial microorganisms colonizing in vitro plant cultures allows studying the bacteria effect on the host, realizing special chemotherapy and developing the microorganisms' databases. Two methods of identification are the most widespread: more available traditional one that does not allow detecting non-cultured forms (its base is the use of cultural and morphological characteristics as well as chemical and biochemical reactions) and molecular-genetic one. At the second approach different 16S rRNA sequences are studied using metagenomic DNA and appropriate specific primers; these sequences have conserved sites identical for all prokaryotes and variable ones suitable for species specific regions identification. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) are being mainly used to distinguish the microorganisms at the species level and even at strains one. Taxonomy of in vitro cultures' bacterial endophytes indicates to their diversity and absence of specific composition as for cultures of plants belonging to different taxa as for different plant organs explants. Among identified endophytic bacteria potentially useful for intact plants Streptomycete, Pantoea agglomerans and others were found as well as those pathogenic for humans, e.g. Ralstonia mannitolytica, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium amycolatum, Bacillus neonatiensis, Salmonella and Nocaridia spp. At in vitro plant cultivation durable symptomless bacterial presence is caused on the one hand by bacterial growth repression with factors accompanying plant explants cultivation (pH, temperature below bacterial optimum, activation of the defense mechanisms), and on the other hand by simultaneous bacteria support due to exudates secreted by plant explants. The rapid bacterial cells proliferation can begin even at small changes in initial conditions, at increase in plant exudates concentrations and per se in consequence of in vitro cultivation as a stress at the absence of whole organism regulatory role. As the number of subcultivations increases a portion of plant cultures with latent bacterial contamination increases too; nocultured endophytes have been reported to acquire the status of cultured ones. Covert bacterial contamination could depress regeneration, micropropagation, cau...

This article is devoted to designing nomeclatural standars and herbarium vouchers of raspberry cultivars bred in the M.A. Lisavenko Research Institute of Horticulture for Siberia. The article presents nomeclatural standards of cultivars ‘Barnaul’skaya’, ‘Blesk’, ‘Dobraya’, ‘Zoren’ka Altaya’, ‘Illyuziya’, ‘Kredo’ and ‘Rubinovaya’. The work has been performed according to the rules and recommendations outlined in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants and guidelines developed for the vegetatively propagated plants. The material for nomenclatural standards should be collected with assistance of either the cultivar author, a representative of the institution owning the cultivar, or an expert in these cultivars. Therefore, material of the cultivars in question was picked with assistance of N.D. Yagovtseva, a representative of the Lisavenko Institute and author of two cultivars ‘Blesk’ and ‘Dobraya’. Nomenclatural standards contain two herbarium sheets with parts of one plant collected at the same time: the first sheet holds the middle third of a primocane and a leaf from this part, while the second one displays the middle third of a floricane and a lateral branch with fruits. Also, the specimens were supplied with photos of fruits taken before herbarization. The nomenclature standards have been deposited with the Herbarium of cultivated plants, their wild relatives, and weeds (WIR).

In the framework of the program initiated at the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), nomenclatural standards of five domestic black currant cultivars have been prepared. The present paper presents nomenclatural standards of these five cultivars bred at VIR: ‘Binar’, ‘Veloy’, ‘Peterburzhenka’, ‘Poeziya’ and ‘Trilena’. Plant morphological traits and breeding characters of these cultivars are described. Iinformation is provided on the formation and development of the VIR black currants collection at the Pavlovsk Experiment Station of VIR.

Род Rubus L. (семейство Rosaceae Juss.), по оценкам разных систематиков, состоит из 12–16 подродов, объединяющих ~750 видов. Самые крупные по числу видов подроды – Idaeobatus (Focke) Focke, к которому относятся малины, и типовой подрод Rubus (=Eubatus Focke), включающий виды ежевик. Представители рода Rubus обладают высокой пищевой и хозяйственной ценностью, а также лекарственными свойствами. Селекционные исследования направлены на расширение генетического разнообразия и создание новых сортов малин и ежевик, устойчивых к биотическим и абиотическим стрессорам и отличающихся высоким качеством плодов. Современные селекционно-генетические программы все шире включают достижения молекулярной генетики и геномики. В данной статье представлен обзор фундаментальных и прикладных исследований генетического разнообразия культивируемых и дикорастущих видов рода Rubus, выполненных на основе методов молекулярного маркирования. Рассмотрены основные типы молекулярных маркеров (RFLP, RAPD, SSR, ISSR, AFLP, SCAR, SSCP, ретротранспозонные маркеры и т. д.) и области их применения в изучении представителей рода Rubus. Приведены результаты работ по использованию методов ДНК-маркирования для решения самых разных задач, включая: исследование межвидового и внутривидового генетического разнообразия, филогенетических связей видов и надвидовых таксонов, выяснение спорных вопросов систематики, генотипирование и уточнение родословных сортов малин и ежевик, изучение сомаклональной изменчивости и др. Наиболее важным результатом в практическом плане является создание насыщенных молекулярно-генетических карт для разных видов малин и ежевик, на которых локализованы многочисленные гены и QTL, детерминирующие различные хозяйственно ценные признаки. В то же время необходимо отметить, что число маркеров, перспективных для проведения эффективного молекулярного скрининга, пока еще недостаточно.