Objectives to describe the macromicroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis. Material and methods. The object of the study was horizontal histotopograms of the nose of 15 fetuses of both genders at the age of 1922 weeks of the intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis. The study used the method of macromicroscopic preparation, the modified method of saw cuts according to N.I. Pirogov, and the histotopographic method. Results. On the horizontal histotopographic sections the external nose was shaped like a triangle. The structures of the external nose were covered with skin soldered to the underlying tissues. In soft tissues, there was a large accumulation of arterial and venous vessels, nerves, and glands. In the intermediate fetal period, the nasal passages had the shape of a triangle, with the base turned to the nasal part of the pharynx. It was found that the anterior-posterior size of the nasal septum in fetuses of the intermediate fetal period was 14.054.34 mm, with a range of fluctuations from 5.75 to 19.85 mm. The anterior-posterior size of the nasal septum in female fetuses was greater than the anterior-posterior size of the septum of male fetuses. The value of the width of the nasal septum was the maximum in the lower third, and reached up to 2.540.67 mm. The narrowest part of the nasal septum was its middle third, the value was 1.630.47 mm. The areas of the nasal passages had no bilateral differences. Conclusion. In the intermediate fetal period there is the establishment of qualitative and quantitative macromicroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity. All the main structures are determined: the nasal septum, nasal conchs, mucosa, and blood vessels. Sexual differences begin to form, and there are no bilateral differences. Quantitative characteristics of the structures of the nasal cavity in fetuses can serve as a justification for early surgical intervention in choanal atresia.

No abstract

The article considers the microtopography of the eyeball during the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis.Objective – to identify the features of qualitative and quantitative topography characteristics development of the eyeball with the orbit and its contents in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesisMaterial and methods. The study was conducted on 50 fetuses of both genders (25 male, 25 female) aged from the 14th to the 27th week of gestation, which make up the collection of Human Anatomy Department of the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education Orenburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. All the material was divided into three age groups: group I (14–18 weeks) contained 18 fetuses, group II (19–23 weeks) contained 19 fetuses, group III (24–27 weeks) contained 13 fetuses. The work was performed by methods of macromicroscopic preparation, by modified N. I. Pirogov's oversplitting method, and by histotopographic method.Results. At an earlier stage, the eyeball occupies a central position in the orbit. By the end of the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis, the eyeball shifts closer to the medial wall of the orbit. In the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis, the entrance to the orbit has the shape of an ellipse with a height and width equal to 15.01±3.98 mm and 13.91±3.25 mm, respectively. The thickness of the medial, lateral, upper and lower walls of the orbit in the intermediate fetal period is 0.46±0.12 mm, 1.98±0.41 mm, 0.45±0.12 mm and 2.11±0.62 mm, respectively. The predominance of length and thickness of the medial rectus muscle of eye over the lateral rectus muscle of eye was noted in all observation groups.Conclusions. The eyeball topography in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis is similar to the topography in the childhood and adult periods, but it has its own fetal features: the shape of the eyeball, the position in the orbit, the relation to the auxiliary apparatus. The most complex topographic and anatomical relationships are noted at the posterior pole of the eyeball in the area of the visual canal.