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Reproductive losses are quite frequent in the modern world. They include: infertility, infertility of unknown etiology, multiple losses when IVF, recurrent implantation failure, miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage, both in the natural cycle and after ART management. It is important to note that the classification of some of these categories are not established yet. The etiology of reproductive losses is extremely diverse. Successful development of pregnancy at early terms is determined by genetic and immunological factors. Among the reproductive failures of unclear etiology, immunological causes are 50-80%. Over the past 20 years there are already known many different immunological factors that play role in the processes of fertilization. In this case, the evidence base on the role of each of them in the pathogenesis of reproductive failures is only being formed. Currently, the immunological relationship between mother and fetus is considered as a two-way communication process: the presentation of fetal antigens on the one hand, and on the other – the recognition and response to these antigens of the maternal immune system. Implantation of the embryo is accompanied by an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines followed by a sharp change in the cellular composition in the decidualizing endometrium, and the main population is NK cells. That is why this type of cells have a significant role in the normal development of pregnancy. The properties of NK cells in the uterus and peripheral blood are significantly different. To predict the onset and prolongation of pregnancy, peripheral blood NK (activity and quantity) is used. Evaluation of endometrial NK is often performed for the diagnosis of chronic endometritis. Currently, the definition of NK cells in peripheral blood in many clinics is proposed as a useful diagnostic test to address the issue of further appointment of immunoglobulins and evaluating the effectiveness of this therapy in patients with reproductive losses.

Hypothesis/aims of study. Endometriosis is the main cause of infertility and social maladjustment in women, caused by the presence of inflammatory endometriotic implants outside the uterus. A number of chemokines, including interferons, compromise the immune response on the development of endometriosis raising the interest to the investigation of interferons in this context. Based on this, the purpose of this review was to study the role of interferons in the pathogenesis of external genital endometriosis and to assess the possibility of their application within comprehensive pathogenesis-based therapy. Study design, materials and methods: literature data of national and international investigations for the period from 1996 to 2018; systematic analysis and evaluation of the literary data. Conclusion. Type I interferons seem to be promising agents for understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis, and can be considered as targeted therapy for this disease. The mechanisms of their functions require a further study. Type II interferons may be used in the future as diagnostic markers for the assessment of the disease severity.

Microvesicles are a new field of biological research. They are subcellular structures ranging in size from 100 to 1000 nm and found in practically all human biological fluids. Their sources are different cells. Microvesicles have a diverse internal composition and carry a wide spectrum of molecules on their surface, which determines their participation in physiological and pathological processes. Their assumed role of biological markers of diseases has aroused great interest. At the present time, there is a lot of data in the world literature about microvesicles of platelets and endothelial cells, and there is practically no data about microvesicles of leukocytes. In this regard, the purpose of the given review was to summarize the data about microvesicles of leukocytes. The review presents data about source cells, internal and superficial composition of leukocytes’ microvesicles, their interaction with various cells, and involvement in physiological and pathological processes. Further study of microvesicles will make it possible to clarify their role in normal and pathological conditions, the possibility of using them as vectors of diseases and carriers of various biologically active molecules.