Татьяна Сергеевна Наумкина scite author profile

Татьяна Сергеевна Наумкина

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All-Russia Research Institute of Legumes and Groat Crops

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Analysis Of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Source Material For Breeding Of Cultivars With High Symbiotic Potential And Choice Of Criteria For Its Evaluation

Shtark

Danilova

Наумкина

et al. 2006

Ecological genetics

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ВВЕДЕНИЕÇíà÷èòåëüíîå óâåëè÷åíèå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ àãðîõèìèêàòîâ â ïåðèîä ñ 1960 ãîäà ïî 2000 ãîä â ðåçóëüòàòå èíòåíñèôèêàöèè ñåëüñêîõîçÿé-ñòâåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðèâåëî ê çíà÷èòåëüíîìó èñòîùåíèþ åñòå-ñòâåííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà ïëîäîðîäèÿ ïî÷â, óõóäøåíèþ êà÷åñòâà âîäû è âîçäóõà, ñíèaeåíèþ êà÷åñòâà îïðåäåëåííûõ âèäîâ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåí-íîé ïðîäóêöèè [23]. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ èçìåíåíèå îñíîâíîé êîíöåïöèè ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà îò èíòåíñèâíîãî ê óñòîé÷èâîìó, ýêîëîãè÷åñêè-îðèåíòèðîâàííîìó. Îäíèì èç ïåðñïåê-òèâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé ñîâðåìåííîãî çåìëåäåëèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâà-íèå ïîòåíöèàëà ïîëåçíîé ïî÷âåííîé ìèêðîôëîðû. Ñèìáèîòè÷åñêèå ìèêðîîðãàíèçìû èãðàþò âàaeíóþ ðîëü â ðàçâèòèè ðàñòåíèé, îáåñïå-÷èâàÿ èõ ìèíåðàëüíîå ïèòàíèå, çàùèòó îò ïàòîãåíîâ è âðåäèòåëåé, àäàïòàöèþ ê ðàçëè÷íûì ñòðåññàì [8,9].Íàèáîëåå âàaeíîå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå è ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå èìåþò ýíäîñèìáèîòè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû: áîáîâî-ðèçîáèàëüíûé ñèìáèîç è àð-áóñêóëÿðíàÿ ìèêîðèçà (ÀÌ). Ñèìáèîç ñ êëóáåíüêîâûìè áàêòåðèÿìè (ÊÁ) ðîäîâ Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium è äð. ïîçâîëÿåò áîáîâûì ðàñòåíèÿì ðàçâèâàòüñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ äåôèöèòà ñâÿçàííîãî àçîòà, òîãäà êàê âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñ ÀÌ ãðèáàìè, ôèëà Glomeromycota [21], îáåñïå÷èâàåò àññèìèëÿöèþ òðóäíîðàñòâîðèìûõ ôîñôàòîâ è äðóãèõ ïèòàòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïî÷âû. Èíîêóëÿöèÿ áîáîâûõ êóëüòóð ÊÁ ïðèâîäèò ê ñóùåñòâåííîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ óðîaeàÿ (îò 15 % äî 60 %), à òàêaeå ê ôèêñàöèè 40-450 êã àçîòà íà ãåêòàð çà ñåçîí [11]. Ðåçóëü-òàòîì øèðîêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ áèîïðåïàðàòîâ íà îñíîâå ÊÁ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñíèaeåíèå ïðèìåíåíèÿ àçîòíûõ óäîáðåíèé è àêêóìóëÿöèè íèòðàòîâ ðàñòåíèÿìè, ïî÷âîé è âîäîé. Ìèêîðèçàöèÿ âåäåò ê óëó÷øåíèþ ðîñòà ðàñòåíèé, îäíàêî øèðîêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòîãî ñèìáèîçà îãðàíè÷åíî ñëîaeíîñòüþ ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ ïðåïàðàòîâ ìèêîðèçíûõ ãðèáîâ. Áîáî-âî-ðèçîáèàëüíûé è ÀÌ ñèìáèîçû òàêaeå ïðåäîõðàíÿþò ïî÷âû îò èñòîùåíèÿ è ïîääåðaeèâàþò áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ðàñòèòåëü-íûõ ñîîáùåñòâ [12,16]. Ýòè äâà ñèìáèîçà ñèëüíî ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ ïî ôèçèîëîãèè, ìîðôîëîãèè è ñïåöèôè÷íîñòè âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ. Òåì íå ìåíåå ó áîáîâûõ ðàñòåíèé âûÿâëåíà åäèíàÿ ñèñòåìà ðàçâèòèÿ ýòèõ ñèìáèîçîâ, êîòîðàÿ èìååò ìíîãî îáùèõ ýëåìåíòîâ ñ ñèñòåìàìè çàùè-òû ðàñòåíèé îò ïàòîãåíîâ è ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíî-ìèêðîáíî-ãî ýâîëþöèîííîãî êîíòèíóóìà [8,9]. Îäíàêî â ëèòåðàòóðå îïèñàíî

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