Бухарский филиал Ташкентского института инженеров ирригации и механизации сельского хозяйства, г. Бухара, Республика Узбекистан Реферат. Восстановить плодородие почв можно с помощью специальных технологий и техники. В частности, для рыхления земель с плотными и загипсованными слоями почвы разрабатывают чизели, а на засоленных землях с высоким уровнем грунтовых вод прокладывают кротовые дрены. (Цель исследования) Обосновать параметры и технологии применения энергосберегающих чизельных рабочих органов для рыхления плотных и загипсованных прослоек почвы, а также устройств для формирования кротовых дрен в подпахотных слоях засоленных почв. (Материалы и методы) Использовали современные методы и приборы для обоснования параметров чизельного рыхлителя и дренажно-кротового орудия. Представили схему проведения экспериментов на опытно-производственном участке. Изучили механический состав и степень засоленности почвы на опытном поле. (Результаты и обсуждение) Определили эффективность рыхления почвы перед промывкой с помощью разработанного чизельного рыхлителя. Для прокладки кротового дренажа на тяжелосуглинистых сильнозасоленных почвах предложили устройство, которое отличается от аналогов тем, что имеет раму из двух частей. (Выводы) Обеспечили качественное выполнение технологического процесса для удаление вредных солей из плодородных слоев почвы. Выявили, что разуплотнение почвы чизелем на глубине 0,45 метра, а после вспашки на глубине 0,35 метра с последующей промывкой почвы снижает содержание солей с 0,978 процента до 0,198-0,578 процента, при этом коэффициент рассоления составил 1,7-4,9. Сократили продолжительность промывных поливов на 15 дней по сравнению с традиционной обработкой. Показали, что благодаря дополнительной обработке почвы в случае нехватки воды норму промывки можно уменьшить с 6500 кубометров на гектар до 4500

Experience shows that for the irrigation of intensive gardens, various types of equipment and technologies are used, such as continuous irrigation (invasive), drip irrigation, subsurface irrigation and other methods. All irrigation options have some shortcomings, such as water evaporation, high water consumption, high consumption of mineral fertilizers and energy. (Research purpose) To develop an automated system for subsurface irrigation of intensive gardens with groundwater using electric pumps and solar panels, and to create a mathematical model of soil moisture distribution. (Materials and methods) Special devices shaped as pegs were designed to supply water with dissolved mineral fertilizers directly into the root system of intensive gardens. The authors investigated the pegs’ geometric parameters and the criteria for their placement in the soil, taking into account the consumption of water and nutrients. The authors examined soil mechanical composition and salinity as well as its physical and mechanical, technological properties. (Results and discussion) It was found out that the installation of the peg facilitates soil moisturizing through the central pipeline within the radius of 1.55-1.75 meters at the depth of 0.7-0.9 meters. Three-four pegs, being equidistant from each other and inclined in relation to the vertical axis by 20-30 degrees, were placed around a tree. Water consumption was determined for various irrigation methods: for furrow irrigation (control) – 1125.7 cubic meters per hectare, for continuous irrigation (invasive) – 1812.3 cubic meters per hectare, for drip irrigation – 618.6 and subsurface irrigation – 506.4 cubic meters per hectare. (Conclusions) Based on the results of the experimental study carried out in farms with intensive gardens using various irrigation methods, continuous irrigation (invasive), drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation were compared in terms of water consumption. The results show that drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation ensure less water consumption than flood irrigation, by 46 per cent and 57 per cent respectively. It was found out that subsurface irrigation ensures 57 per cent water and 25-35 per cent mineral fertilizer economy, in comparison with the other methods of providing trees with water and nutrients.

The problem of increasing the irrigated lands productivity and ensuring sufficient reserves of minerals and nutrients for plants is noted to be important in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In practice, when preparing land for sowing cotton, wheat, soybeans and other crops, the application of mineral fertilizers is provided with the help of a chisel cultivator that has two separate hoppers for mineral fertilizers with a capacity of 50 kilograms each. It was revealed that large lumps of caked fertilizers remain in the hoppers, which reduces the productivity and quality of the unit. It was recommended to use an improved device with one container and special grinders for mineral fertilizers installed there.Research purpose To substantiate the parameters for the grinder of large lumps of mineral fertilizers in the chisel-cultivator hopper.Materials and methods The study was focused on the parameters and performance of a mineral fertilizer grinder operating by means of a rotation provided by the unit support wheel.Results and discussion The parameters of the chisel-cultivator were determined for grinding and applying mineral fertilizers at the stage of preparing the soil for sowing.Conclusions A unit with grinding working bodies was developed to install in a chisel-cultivator hopper. The following parameters were specified: the shaft diameter is 40 millimeters, the toothed bar height is 25-30 millimeters, the width is 8–10 millimeters, and the thickness is 2-3 millimeters. In total, 18 bars were fixed in one compartment of the hopper, and 180 pieces in 10 compartments. The selected parameters of the mineral fertilizer grinder in the hopper with a capacity of 350 kilograms facilitate the application of up to 300 kilograms per hectare.