Сахарный диабет (СД) 1 типа – хроническое заболевание, имеющее специфические особенности в каждом возрастном периоде, что следует обязательно учитывать для достижения хороших показателей гликемического контроля. В настоящее время имеется немало публикаций, посвященных вопросам ориентированного перевода пациентов из педиатрической системы медицинского наблюдения во взрослую, при этом большинство из них имеет недостаточную доказательную базу, так как основывается на субъективном мнении экспертов или клиническом опыте конкретного лечебного учреждения. Согласно определению, принятому Society of Adolescent Medicine (Обществу медицины для взрослых пациентов), под термином «transition» (с англ. – «переход») понимается целенаправленный, спланированный и своевременный переход от педиатрической, семейно-ориентированной системы медицинской помощи к взрослой, пациент-центрической. Известно, что некорректный перевод может обернуться выпадением пациента из системы медицинского наблюдения, к тому же ошибки при переводе оказывают отрицательный эффект на общую заболеваемость и летальность у молодых взрослых с СД 1 типа. Так, исследования выявили увеличение частоты как тяжелых гипогликемий, так и диабетического кетоацидоза в первый год после перехода во взрослую сеть. Помимо повышенного риска острых осложнений СД 1 типа, многие авторы связывают переход во взрослую сеть с возрастающей вероятностью появления/прогрессирования хронических осложнений диабета, обусловленных ухудшением метаболического контроля. Для снижения подобных рисков перевод подростков с СД 1 типа во взрослую сеть должен быть своевременным, непрерывным и подготовленным, а необходимость разработки региональных структурированных программ перевода может быть обоснована целью сохранения здоровья и улучшения качества жизни большого числа пациентов. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic disease with each age period specific features, which should be taken into account for achieving glycemic targets. There are many publications about the transition of patients from pediatric medical system in the adult's service, but most of them still have insufficient evidence based on subjective expert opinion or on clinical centered experience. According to the definition adopted by the Society of Adolescent Medicine, the term «transition» refers to a purposeful, planned and timely transition from a pediatric, family-oriented system of medical care to an «adult», patient-centered system. It is known that incorrect transition can lead to patient's «falling out» of medical supervision system and errors in transition have a negative effect on the overall morbidity and mortality, frequency of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis in the first year after the transition to the adult's service in young adults with T1D. In addition to the increased risk of acute complications of T1D, many authors associate the transition with an increasing occurrence/progression of chronic complications of diabetes due to the deterioration of metabolic control. To reduce such risks, the transition of adolescents with T1D to the adult's service should be well-timed, continuous and prepared, and now it's time to develop regional structured transfer programs for preserving health and improving the quality of life for a large number of our patients.
The article provides the literary information and the results of our own research on the structure of the thyroid nodules in operated children.The clinical significance of nodular neoplasms of the thyroid gland is determined by the relatively high risk of carcinomas. Along with this, the relevance of this research is due to the increasing of surgical interventions and the fact that the features of nodules in children and tactics of management of patients remain debatable.The aim of the work was to study the structure of thyroid nodules in childrenin various age groups. The case histories of 225 operated childrenfrom 4 to 17 years oldfrom 2007 to 2017 were analyzed. Nodular neoplasms of the thyroid in children were more common. Tumor-like diseases - colloid nodes in childhood were rare, only in 2.2% of cases. The high incidence of thyroid cancer (35.6%) under the mask of nodal goiter determines active surgical tactics in patients with nodal neoplasms in childhood.
Currently, testosterone drugs are used to treat hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which allow men to get a good height and reach a stage of sexual development corresponding to their age. In this case, the testicular volume remains of pre-pubertal size, and the spermatogenic epithelium fails to reach its mature stage under such conditions. The study was aimed at initiating puberty in a 17-year-old male with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism using gonadotropic hormone drugs. The patient received foliotropinalpha injections in combination with chorionic gonadotropin for 9 months. The treatment efficacy was evaluated after 3, 6, 9 months of therapy by measuring the testicle volume (using Prader orchidometer and ultrasound) and the sex hormones and inhibin B serum levels. During the treatment period, the testicle volume increased from 1.5 to 8 ml based on clinical measurements, and from 1.38 and 1.14 to 5.8 and 5.87 ml (right and left, respectively) based on ultrasound imaging. The level of testosterone reached normal values, inhibin B also increased. The use of recombinant FSH for nine months in the combination therapy of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a 17-year-old male contributed to the initiation of a true puberty.
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