This study discusses the presentation of rare-earth elements (REEs) in the rocks of the Kivakka Olivinite-Gabbronorite Layered Intrusion in North Karelia. It aimed to provide a detailed petrographic description of the mineral parageneses that are present in the studied section of the massif. We found that the same minerals can manifest in both intercumulative and cumulative positions, depending on the degree of melt fractionation. At the same time, their quantity, which determines both the petrographic characteristics and the name of the rock, is not a criterion for their presence during the cumulus phases. We analyzed the concentrations of REEs in rocks and rock-forming minerals in the Kivakka massif, considering the REE concentration vertically and in the critical zones of contrast interbedding. In the study area, REEs are present as incoherent elements and accumulate in the residual melt, together with U, Th, Zr, and other incoherent elements, which make them a useful indicator of the degree of melt fractionation. In some cases, they can reflect different structural and genetic characteristics, such as the degree of cumulus density in a specific type of cumulative paragenesis. The presence of hydrothermal changes is best reflected by a change in Ce concentration. The preservation of the stability of the configuration and the slopes of the lines on the spider diagrams for REE indicate that the process of crystallization differentiation took place in a closed system.

Among the Riphean-Vendian dyke complexes of the basic composition, which intersect the Precambrian strata of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium (Southern Urals), one of the most common is the Kurgas gabbro-dolerite complex dated to the Early -Middle Riphean. This article presents the isotopic dating, petrological and geochemical features of the rocks belonging to the Kurgas complex. It gives the first description of the regional geochemical zoning that is reflected in a decrease in SiO 2 contents from the north to the south along the Bashkirian meganticlinorium, and an increase in MgO contents in the same direction, which is attributed by the authors to an increase in the permeability of the crust to the south during opening of the Mashak riftogenic structure.New data on isotopic ages were obtained for the dyke that cuts the Satka formation of the Lower Riphean -1318±10 ( 40 Ar/ 39 Ar), the intrusion in the exocontact zone of the Berdyaush rapakivi granite massif -1349±11 Ma (U-Pb), and the andesite dyke among the metamorphic rocks of the Taratash complex -1365.6±6.6 Ma (U-Pb). These ages, in combination with the previously obtained data, suggest that the complex formed during a rather long period of time (from 1385 to 1318 Ma, as a minimum), which corresponds to the beginning of the Middle Riphean. Isotopic U-Pb age of the dyke that cuts the contact zone of the Berdyaush massif, suggests that the major portion of the massif had already crystallized by that time and was exhumed into the shallow zone of brittle deformation.

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