The study is devoted to the analysis of the influence of four primary processing and fertilizer systems on the change in the number of lumbricides in the arable layer of typical black soil and the productivity of field grain-sowing crop rotation. The study material was the amount of lumbricides in the arable layer of black soil and their distribution depending on the main processing and fertilizer systems. The research methodology is based on experimental data obtained during 2016-2018 with a two-factor stationary field experiment, established in 2006 on the experimental field of the Belotserkovsky NAU. The highest amount of lumbricides in soil layers of 0-10, 20-30 and 0-30 cm is established under differential tillage, that is correspondently 39,3, 5,3 and 61,9 examples per square meter. It is 27,2, 20,5 and 24,0 percent more than on the watch list. Under poweredless and disc tillage there were correspondently 61,1 and 60,0 examples of lumbricides per square meter in a plow layer, so the results were close to powered-powerdless tillage. The decrease of the lumbricides population is observed during a crop vegetation. The biggest decrease in their number in a plow layer is established under powered tillage, that is 58,0%, and the smallest decrease is observed under poweredless tillage – 54,4 %. Under a disc and differential tillage such decrease was correspondently 55,0 and 56,0 %. The exact principles of lumbricides distribution in different parts of a plow layer under different main tillage systems are not established. Only a small increase in their number could be seen in a soil layer of 0-10 cm under poweredless and differential tillage and a decrease was observed under a disc tillage in comparison with the powered one. Thus, from the general number in a plow layer the amount of lumbricides in soil layers of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm was correspondently: under a powered tillage – 61,9; 29,3 and 8,8%, a poweredless tillage – 63,0; 29,6 and 7,4 %, a powered-poweredless tillage - 63,5; 28,1 and 8,4 %, a disc tillage – 60,0; 31,8 and 8,2 %. After the first, the second and the third levels of fertilization the number of lumbricides population was increasing correspondently 1,56, 2,07 and 2,32 times in comparison with the unfertilized areas. The productivity of a crop rotation does not differ significantly under a powered and a powered-poweredless tillage, but under a disc and poweredless ones it is much lower

The evolutional way of developing of the theoretical and practical basis of main tillage since the middle of the first part of the 20th century up today is highlighted. Exaggerated ideologization of science, government monopoly of academician V.R. Williams from thirties to fifties years of the 20th century caused big losses in agrarian science, especially in farming and agriculture sciences. The disaster of Williams was caused by absolute priority of soil conditioning and universalization of developed by him grass rotation system of farming. Till fifties in crop farming arable tillage to the depth at least 20–22 cm dominated completely. The first person in the USSR to refuse from a plough was T.S. Maltsev who recommended to hold deep beardless tillage once in 4–5 years, and for the rest of the time to use surface one (up to 8 cm) or surface tillage (10–12 cm) with discs. After T.S. Maltsev works, the issues of differentiation of tilled soil layers under beardless and surface tillage became especially controversial. The final boost for the development of theoretical and practical basis of tillage minimization was soil protecting system suggested by the group of scientists of the former All-Soviet Union Research Institute of grain growing headed by O.І. Baraievyi. It was based on beardless tillage, sowing with stubbly seeding machines, flap and buffer planting, snow capture etc. Early adopters of a full refusal from beard tillage in Ukraine during 80–90ies years were І.Ye. Shcherbak, F.M. Morgun, M.K. Shykula, S.S. Antonets and their students and followers. Nowadays the majority of national scientists consider the differential different depth tillage as the most effective one during crop rotations, which includes alternation of different ways, events and means of soil tillage depending on ecological conditions, crops biological features, structure of crop acreage, fertilization systems and plants protection etc. In scientists opinion, the minimal tillage is available on 3 millions of hectare and no-tillage is available on 5,49 millions of hectare out of 30 millions of tilled soils in Ukraine. In thirties V.R. Williams and M.S. Sokolov criticized surface tillage. Academician M.M. Tulaykov who was openly against doctrines of V.R. Williams recommended surface tillage in dry regions which in his opinion had to protect tilled soil from wind formed processes. He claimed that surface tillage is economically suitable for poor husbandries and that dust storms are the result of a constant daily soil drifting caused by deep tillage. In forties an American farmer E. Folkner widely promoted surface tillage together with soil mulching with plant matters of green crops. The first person to refuse from beard tillage in the first part of the 20th century in the Soviet empire was T.S. Maltsev. He proved decisively the advantages of beardless tillage over beard one in Transurals. T.S. Maltsev suggested the whole range of tools for soil tillage developed by him, the main of which were cultrate pulverizers and a beardless plough. The necessity of tillage with plough was the main stereotype existing in the world tillage theory and practice till the fifties. Scientific inheritance of M.M. Tulaykov became one of the bases for reconsideration of the concept of V.R. Williams existing in Ukraine. He concluded that it was necessary to change beard tillage to surface one to the depth 10-12 cm under which root system of one-year-old plants would be decomposed in tight soil where anoxic conditions must dominate. And to cultivate bottom layers it was necessary to hold deep tillage with beardless ploughs once in 4–5 years. The first person to refuse from a plough in the USSR was T.S. Maltsev. He suggested using surface plowing with disc tillers and deep beardless tillage (40–50 cm) once in 4–5 years instead of tillage in crops rotation of Transural. In 1952 he made a beardless plough for the first time. The most controversial issue among the scientists of Ukraine was differentiation of the tilled layer and its effect on crop productivity under beardless and surface tillage. In sixties and seventies O.I. Baraiev and his colleagues from All Soviet Union Research Institute of grain farming headed by him developed for the first time a soil protective system based exceptionally on different depth beardless tillage in crop rotations, usage of stubbly seeding machines, subsurface cultivators, soil spikers, coulisse fallow, buffer planting etc. In Ukraine during eighties and nineties years a complete refusal from beard tillage in favor of beardless tillage was supported by І.Ye. Shcherbak, F.T. Morgun, M.K. Shykula, S.S. Antonets and other scientists and experts. High weed infestation of fields under such tillage was the main obstacle to its widespread usage. In the 21st century the majority of scientists recommend differential different depth main tillage which suggests different ways, events and means of its implementation in crop rotations depending on biological features of crop, soil and climate conditions, fertilizing systems, plant protection etc, 13 millions hectare of tilled soil is technologically suitable for minimum tillage in Ukraine, and the rest 5,5 million hectare do not even need tillage at all. Key words: tillage, soil, evolution, plough, subsurface cultivator, erosion, minimization, differentiation.

Four year research (2015–2018) at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University proved that plant residues and non-market products of the field five course grain row rotation are important sources for soil humus formation. On the unfertilized areas, fertilized withn8 t/ha of animal manure + N76P64K57, 12 t/ha of animal manure + N95P82K72 and 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86 humus percentage formed due to humification of plants matter was correspondently 51.4; 40.3; 37.7 and 36.1 %, with animal manure – 0; 15.3; 17.2 and 18.7 %, with by-products of farming – 44.0; 40.8; 41.7 and 42.1 %, with herbage of white mustard – 4.6; 3.6; 3.4 and 3.1 %. With the increase of fertilizers level this index regarding plants matter and green manure decreases, while animal manure provides for the index slight increase. On the unfertilized areas humus balance under cultivated crops as sunfl ower and corn is negative, but under other crops in rotation it is positive. On the fertilized areas under all crops this index is positive. When applying the biggest amount of fertilizers, annual gain in soil humus is 1.1 t/ha. Humus balance is negative on all the variants of research under the condition of disposal of non-market products from the fi elds of crop rotation. Along with plants matter, plant by-products and herbage of white mustard the amount of humus provided to the soil was equal to the application of correspondently 14–33, 12–36 and 1.3–2.6 t of animal manure per hectare of tilled fi eld. Under zero, the fi rst, the second and the third levels of soil fertilization, soil received correspondently 4.08; 5.98; 7.46 and 8.73 t of plants matter 68–71 % of which are root and the others are above surface. The percentage of by-products of crops in the rotation increases with fertilizers amount increase. Soy, winter wheat, sunfl ower and spring barley have a bigger gain in above surface rather than root mass due to increase of fertilizers amount. The highest productivity from one hectare of tilled fi eld in a crop rotation (5.63 t of dry matter, 7.84 t of fodder units, 0.671 t of digestible protein) is gained due to application of 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86, though the most economically viable amount is 12 t/ha animal manure + N95P82K72. Key words: humus balance, soil, fertilizers, crop, by-products, plants matter, crop rotation, grain crops, index of ecologization, productivity.

We have established the influence of four tillage systems on pest distribution and development of diseases in cultivated cereals during three-year research (2017-2019) in the field stationary of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Ukraine (chernozem grain sprouting with five-course rotation). The population of turnip moth in winter wheat, spring barley, and soya was the highest under application of disk tillage, the lowest – under moldboard tillage. The moldboard treatment limited while the beardless and disk treatments stimulate the development of beet webworm in the cereal crops. The number of pests in soya, winter wheat, spring barley, and maize was higher under combined soil treatment compared to moldboard. We recorded no significant difference in pests towards tillage systems in sunflower crops. In soya, winter wheat and maize crops, the number of wireworm was significantly higher in molded than in molded cultivation; the opposite pattern was observed in the sunflower field, while for spring barley these values were at the same level. The distribution and development of root rot in cereal crops was higher in comparison with control, but this difference was insignificant in spring barley. The development of powdery mildew in spring barley crops was almost the same for these tillage options. In cereal crops, septoriosis lesions were almost at the same level in case of moldboard and combined tillage. Significant deterioration of phytosanitary condition at beardless and disk tillage resulted in significant reduction of crop rotation productivity in comparison with control. In the fields with combined and disk treatments, the productivity value was almost the same.

The soil-forming process is closely related to the accumulation and circulation of organic substances, which are a source of nutrients for plants released during the mineralisation of humus, so research on determining the qualitative composition of humus is relevant. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to determine humic and fulvic acids in typical chernozem, depending on the fertiliser system. The leading approaches to solving this problem are conducting field and laboratory studies to determine the quality indicators of humus and dispersion methods to establish the accuracy and reliability of experimental data. Based on the conducted studies, it was observed that the application of an organo-mineral fertiliser system leads to an increase in the content of humic acids, while the insoluble residue shows an increase in carbon content. The utilisation of organo-mineral fertilisers resulted in a reduction in the excessive accumulation of non-humified organic substances. Additionally, the soils in these areas exhibited a higher level of organic substance humification. The combination of organic matter at a rate of 11.5 tonnes per hectare (8 tonnes of manure and 3.5 tonnes of by-products) and mineral fertilizer N27P38K45 in a crop rotation resulted in an increasing trend of the buffering capacity of typical chernozem soil. In this scenario, there was an increase in absorption capacity at the end of the second rotation for grain-legume crop rotation by 6.05 mg/equiv per 100 g, specialised grain-legume rotation by 3.9 mg/equiv per 100 g, and legume rotation by 3.06 mg/equiv per 100 g of soil compared to the beginning of the first rotation. The use of organo-mineral fertilisers increases the third fraction of fulvic acids in specialised grain-legume rotation, which affects the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids in favour of the humic type of humus formation. The ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids in the grain-planting crop rotation in the organo-mineral system was 2.84 at the end of the second rotation, and 2.24 at the beginning of the first rotation. The research materials are of practical importance for farmers when analysing the fractional-group composition of typical chernozem humus