The Mamluk era was characterized by skill, creativity, good design, Mamluk architecture, perfect craftsmanship and accuracy. The doors remained in the mosques of the Muslims for the applied arts, which were used by the worshipers, both in religious and civil architecture, in addition to the defensive war, especially the outer doors, which were a hallowed title for those who looked behind these doors. It was remarkable that the Muslims did not care about the greatness of their doors and always chose two-legged types of mosques, schools and palaces, while the author relied on one piece of houses mainly as well as the doors of castles and forts. The doors of the wooden doors were characterized by fine panels decorated with strips of ivory or precious wood, as well as , it was flourished the manufacture of many of historical doors which was an art of Islamic war architecture, both those built in the Fatimid or Ayyubid, and the most famous were the eight doors Fatimid, which represented the valve safety and security to defend Cairo throughout the ages, each of these doors had a name which was known to the people, and they had been repeating it for hundreds of years, and behind it is a historical story. The doors in the Mamluk era were constructed with an architectural genius. They had holes to throw arrows against enemies, pour boiling oil on enemy soldiers to prevent them from entering the fortified city of Cairo. Carpenters developed industrial and decorative styles as well as the development of decorative units. The decorative purpose was the most important of what the manufacturer intended in the Mamluk era, perhaps because of that period characterized by prosperity in various arts and the keenness to enrich most of its products with various writings and decorations.The study aims to study the design of the wooden and armored doors in the Mamluk era, an archaeological and historical study, which was considered Mamluk architecture, as well as the study of the decorative elements in it. These doors were richly decorated, with a variety of floral, written and geometric decoration. The research is based on the study of the different types of doors and their important impact during wars through many parameters; firstly, the research discusses designing door types and then discusses developments within design over time. Secondly, the study of the technical and industrial methods used in the Mamluk era and the techniques of manufacturing the basic components of these artifacts and decorating the surface with a variety of decorative devices. Finally, the favorite decorative elements of each species, which consist mostly of engineering, floral designs and writings will be studied. Consequently, the research concluded a series of basic concepts and techniques for the manufacture of doors throughout the Mamluk period. The doors of the Mamluks were used as the main executive place in the Mamluk era.

The history of Islamic architecture gives great features to the rich Islamic heritage through muqarnas, which formed interior spaces with their intricate and brilliant architectural ornaments. Muqarnas plays a central and vital role in aesthetic architecture, an element, which belongs to architecture and ornamentation. The geometric and ornamental analysis of Islamic art raises new interest in digital and algorithmic modeling, as well as new horizons in muqarnas formation. Muqarnases incorporate among their elements harmonious blocks and lines, and mathematical design, which perform a specific architectural function and an aesthetically ornamental role. The research seeks to link the originality of the past and the modernity of the future, in addition to studying the role of digital design, algorithmic systems, and various generative geometries in the evolution of the muqarnas, which is one of the progressive features of Islamic architecture. This study attempts to translate it into a modern language with innovative patterns and the effectiveness of their connection with digital and algorithm architecture. The paper presents an analytical study of traditional muqarnas patterns in Islamic art and their evolution by determining the logic and rules of muqarnas patterns using digital algorithms through digital design. In addition to controlling classical ornamental patterns of muqarnas by coding and programming in computational design. Thus, overcoming the gap between classical ornamental patterns and the flow of the digital design. The main concern is digital software which can be used to facilitate the design process and visualization of virtual models of muqarnas. The formation of three-dimensional muqarnases may provide new insights for mathematics to analyze the shape and create innovative patterns in the digital age. The problem with the study is that it does not clarify modern methods of digital algorithms in the discovery of a modern architectural style for Islamic art, which contributes significantly to enhancing muqarnas. This analysis encompasses the studies of muqarnases through concept and historical evolution as well as structural and algorithmic analysis, on the other hand. The research supplies a new approach to the characteristics of muqarnas through computational logic and establishes digital modeling of muqarnas through digital algorithms to produce different design patterns. The main concern of the research is to study the theoretical principles of digital algorithms for the identity of muqarnas through algorithmic rules and digital patterns. Therefore, we conclude the value of analyzing digital algorithms, which are often used to develop muqarnas, since Islamic architecture has endless possibilities for future design innovations. Therefore, this study firstly reviews earlier approaches to the analysis of geometrical and conceptual principles of muqarnas. Secondly, the research interprets the recommended scheme through a series of digital experiments and algorithmic forms. During these experiments...

Retro is the style of nostalgia to create creative spaces that have an impact on retro and vintage styles in home design. The research problem is to achieve a fuller understanding of old design aesthetics in home interior design. Nowadays, most homes' designs are the same as contemporary designs, and they do not have a distinctive character. In addition, in recent times, many people have been affected by nostalgia in all aspects of life. Consequently, the environment in which we live and work should be influenced by the experience of nostalgia through the interior design of old styles that have a contemporary effect. The importance of research is to apply the concept of nostalgia to home spaces to achieve a contemporary, vibrant, and attractive atmosphere. The research aims to provide a fascinating insight into the shift from vintage style to retro style, which has shaped modern, creative interior design, enhancing the historical background of the retro style in addition to its impact on the future of home interior design. Finally, the study concluded that retro style is based on nostalgia, vintage, remembrance, memories, old and classic in interior design for home spaces. There is a great relationship between the retro style and the other styles that are based on nostalgia. Retro and vintage styles have an impact on creating elements, shapes, forms, and colors that are attractive, bold, and have a strong impact on spaces. The creation of nostalgia in home design, which leads to stimulating vitality, creativity, and innovation in interior design, makes the resident feel a different situation. Besides, the shift from vintage to the retro style created a more dynamic atmosphere that led to the association with the place while evoking the feelings of the residents in the nostalgic atmosphere.

The dwelling can be adapted to the variables of the users' needs. Since small and medium-sized housing units became dominant in the market, designers began to think of ways to improve the housing comfort of the small and medium-sized units. The research is based on the study of the amazing loft-style of luxury, with its horrific decor. This trend in design combines two different images: bohemian and retro. Wealth and poverty unite, showing attractiveness. The old abandoned industrial buildings are embodied in the superficiality of their exteriors. The loft is the concept of transforming an industrial building for new purposes. Loft living is both a complex and a lifestyle. The lofts embody the fundamentals of the open building concept, with high ceilings and structural systems providing an interior space without division. The classic loft offers an inspiring space for city dwellers. Residents form their lofts according to their social lives. They reflect the social and cultural values of a specific period and place. Loft living becomes a style with certain characteristics, allowing users to redefine the term "house." Despite drastic economic and demographic changes, lofts have been resilient through time. On the other hand, the definition of lofts remains stuck in the 1960s. It is necessary to continuously analyze the nature of lofts and the way of life in them to fully understand their advantages and disadvantages. The loft is a complex concept. The art and literature in the lofts are outdated, insufficient, or confusing. This study aims to understand the evolution and transformation of lofts through time while researching the loft culture from the beginning, with its advantages and disadvantages, as well as trying to understand the reasons behind the backwardness of the loft concept. Therefore, the research raises awareness of the loft culture through the descriptiveanalytical approach. Finally, the research discussed the history of lofts, the development, the transformation of lofts through time, in addition, studies the culture of the loft from the beginning, with its advantages and disadvantages. The research concluded that the standards and strategies for designing lofts have different types.