Agroforestry is the most effective way to restore the disturbed lands in the hilly region of Shangluo and to develop the currently poor local economy. In order to study the potential benefits of tree鄄based intercropping systems, photosynthesis, growth and yield of soybean ( Qindou 8) ( Glycine max L. ) and salvia ( Radin salviae Miltiorrhizae) were studied by measuring photosynthetic active radiation ( PAR) , plant water deficit and soil moisture in a 6鄄year鄄old plantation of walnut ( Juglans regia L. ) grown at a spacing of 5 m 伊 3 m in the hilly region in Shangluo. The effects of tree competition significantly reduced the PAR, the net photosynthetic rate ( Pn) , growth and yield of individual soybean or salvia plants growing near ( within 1m near) tree rows. In 2010, daily plant water deficits were not significantly correlated with the Pn and growth and yield of the both crops. However, the soil moisture ( 15 30cm depth) was significantly correlated with biomass and yield of the crops. The PAR was highly correlated with growth and yield of the both crops, which indicated that competition for light is one of the key factors impacting crop yield. Possible remediation strategies were suggested that may reduce competitive interactions between the tree and crop species.

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The interception of precipitation by vegetation and subsequent evaporation during and after rain events is an important component of the hydrological budget of forest ecosystems, particularly for forests in ecologically and hydrologically sensitive regions such as Qinling National Forest. This forest was incorporated into the State Natural Forest Protection Project and is managed solely for soil and water conservation. The Qinling Mountains are a major mountain range in China and are the major headwater source for one of the three routes of the South鄄to鄄North Water Transfer Project. The evergreen Pinus tabulaeformis is the dominant canopy species at elevations from 1400 to 1700 m. Extensive studies have been conducted to examine the canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow in P. tabulaeformis forest ecosystems across China, mostly in juvenile (臆30 years) or middle鄄aged (31-50 years) plantations. However, information on rainfall

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