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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two memory strategies, vocal rehearsal and auditory input enhancement, on phonological memory tasks in children with and without speech sound disorders. Methods: Eighteen children with speech sound disorders (pure SSD group), 8 children with speech sound disorders and comorbid language disorders (SSD+LD group), and 19 typically developing peers (TD group) aged 3 to 5 years old participated in this study. They performed delayed nonword repetition tasks according to vocal rehearsal, auditory input enhancement, and rehearsal inhibition. The nonword repetition scores, the percentage of error types, and the variability of vocal rehearsal were compared among the three groups. Results: In rehearsal inhibition, there was no significant difference among groups. However, the performances of the pure SSD group and the TD group improved in the vocal rehearsal and auditory input enhancement conditions, showing a significant difference from the SSD+LD group. As a result of the error analysis, the SSD+LD group showed significantly more 'no response' errors than the other groups, whereas the TD group showed significantly more 'phoneme substitution' errors than the other groups. The SSD+LD group showed significantly more variability in the vocal rehearsals than the other groups. Conclusion: Both vocal rehearsal and auditory input enhancement are effective for phonological memory enhancement; but auditory input enhancement, a less burdensome task for children, is more effective. The pure SSD group can expect phonological memory improvement using these two strategies matching that of the TD group; however this approach has a limited effect on the SSD+LD group, so they need different strategies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent (acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) extracts from Lentinus edodes. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity were highest in ethanol extract. ABTS radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract showed the highest value (98.5%), which was similar to that of ascorbic acid (95.7%). The ethyl acetate extract from Lentinus edodes showed relatively high total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Negative correlations were found between total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities in Lentinus edodes extracts. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae by the disc diffusion method. The acetone and ethanol extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activities against almost all tested microorganisms except E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract showed a significant growth inhibition effect against E. coli, Ent. cloacae, and B. subtilis. Key words: ABTS, antimicrobial effect, antioxidant activity, DPPH, Lentinus edodes

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Aging of the face is mainly related to the features that are sagging or loss of elasticity of the skin by reducing the volume around the eyes or cheek. Intrinsic aging can be seen to cause thinner dermis, reduction of extracellular matrix and subcutaneous fat. This study was carried out to investigate the skin volume augmentation and anti-wrinkle effects of Tribulus terrestris fruit extract. Skin anti-aging effect of Tribulus terrestris fruit extract was evaluated by using lipid accumulation, expressin of type I procollagen and elastin in preadipocytes and human dermal fibroblasts. Tribulus terrestris fruit extract augmented preadipocytes differentiation about 56% at 100 µg/mL. The type I procollagen and elastin were increased about 35% and 25% by treatment 20% Tribulus terrestris fruit extract, respectively. The clinical study also showed that skin sagging, skin elasticity, and dermal density improved without adverse effect following 4 week application of cream containing 2% Tribulus terrestris fruit extract. We suggest that Tribulus terrestris fruit extract can have the good possibility as skin volume augmenting, skin elasticity and wrinkle improving agent.