Cirsium setidens Nakai, a wild perennial, is widely consumed as a food and traditional medicine in Korea. In addition, diverse functionalities of C. setidens Nakai, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, have been reported. However, whether or not C. setidens Nakai and its major compound, pectolinarin have high nutritional value and functional properties remains unknown. This paper investigated the proximate compositions, mineral contents, hepatoprotective activities, hepatic fat accumulation inhibitory activities, and anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of C. setidens Nakai and its component parts, including of pectolinarin. The result showed that C. setidens Nakai and its major compounds have potential as a functional food material with natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.Key words: Cirsium setidens Nakai, nutritional components, antioxidant activity, pectolinarin, functional material

The present study was performed to quantitatively analyze eleutherosides (B and E) and β-glucan in different plant parts of three cultivars (Chungnam, Gangwon, and Jeju) of Acanthopanax senticosus and Acanthopanax koreanum using HPLC and a commercial enzyme kit. Our results showed high linearity in the calibration curves as the coefficients of correlation (R 2 ) were 0.998 (eleutheroside B) and 0.999 (eleutheroside E), respectively. Eleutheroside B and E were found in stem extracts of A. koreanum cultivated in Jeju (1,122 μg/g, eleutheroside B) and A. senticosus cultivated in Chungnam (2,536 μg/g, eleutheroside E), respectively. However, eleutheroside B was not detected in any part of A. senticosus cultivated in Chungnam. For β-glucan contents, stems of A. senticosus and A. koreanum showed higher than other parts. Furthermore, the β-glucan content in stems of A. koreanum cultivated in Gangwon was significantly higher than in those of other cultivars. These results show that the contents of eleutheroside B, E, and β-glucan were higher in stem extracts of A. senticosus and A. koreanum than other parts. Moreover, our results suggest that the contents of eleutheroside B, E, and β-glucan in A. senticosus and A. koreanum are influenced by cultivation area and the selected part. Key words: Acanthopanax senticosus, Acanthopanax koreanum, eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E, β-glucan

The aim of this study was to investigate the method validation for the determination of eleutherosides (B and E) and β-glucan in Acanthopanax (A.) koreanum. This medicinal plant reportedly mainly included eleutherosides which exhibit the pharmacological effects, and β-glucan substantially enhances the function of the immune system by activating macrophages. The specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3), and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) were measured by HPLC and enzymatic methods. Our results showed that the coefficient of calibration correlation (R 2) for eleutheroside B and E were 0.9997 and 0.9999, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for eleutheroside B and E were 0.050 μg/mL and 0.025 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery rate of eleutheroside B and E were revealed in the high range of 100.66～110.04% and 94.26～111.62%, respectively. The inter-day precision of eleutheroside B and E in the root and stem in A. koreanum were 1.4～5.0% and 1.1～2.5%, respectively. The intra-day precision of eleutheroside B and E in the root and stem in A. koreanum were 2.8～2.9% and 0.4～1.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the inter-day and intra-day precision of β-glucan in the stem, leaf, and fruit of A. koreanum were 1.32～5.67% and 8.01～11.76%, respectively. In conclusion, the methods were validated for the detection of eleutherosides and β-glucan in A. koreanum.

This study investigated optimal extraction conditions for application of Ulmus pumila L. as a natural antioxidant. U. pumila L. was extracted using ethanol (EtOH) at various concentrations (0, 40, and 80%) and extraction times (1, 2, and 3 h) at 70°C and then evaluated for extraction yield, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activities [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC)]. Antioxidant activities were correlated with total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Of the solvent conditions, 80% EtOH extracts for 3 h at 70°C showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents with strong antioxidant activities, although there were no significant time effects on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power. However, ORAC values of all EtOH extracts remarkably increased in a time-dependent manner. In addition, 80% EtOH extract for 3 h exhibited strong antioxidant effects on HDF and 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, the antioxidant capacity of U. pumila L., may due to phenolic and flavonoid contents, and extraction conditions were 80% EtOH for 3 h at 70°C. This extract could be a good source for natural antioxidants.

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