The purpose of this study was to identify the validity, reliability, and discriminative index of the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). For this, two hundreds twenty-thee stroke patients participated. Activities of daily living were measured through using K-MBI. Factor analysis was performed for identifying the construct validity and internal consistent and discriminative index were calculated. The result of factor analysis was that the 10 items of K-MBI have communality above .50, and was constructed one factor. Explained variance was 72.184%. The order of factor loading value was toileting, personal hygiene, transfer from bed to chair and back, ambulation/wheelchair, dressing, feeding, bowel control, bathing, bladder control, and stair climbing. Cronbach α of K-MBI was .994. The range of discriminative index was .783~.909, and was acceptable. One factor of K-MBI was identified through factor analysis, and reliability and discriminative index was also identified. Various psychometric properties of K-MBI should be investigated in further studies for valid assessment of activities of daily living in stroke patients.

We analyzed the estimated daily intake of sweeteners in the Korean population, using data from national health and nutrition studies regarding the concentration of sweetener in each type of food, food intake by gender, age group, and weight. The level of safety of these sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) data established by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of sodium saccharin was 52.31 µg/kg · bw, 55.06 µg/kg · bw acesulpham-K, 145.47 µg/kg · bw aspartame, and 93.86 µg/kg · bw sucralose per day. The percentages in relation to ADI were 1.0%, 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.6% respectively, which were all within safe levels. The relatively higher-consuming groups were taking 783.12 µg/kg · bw sodium saccharine, 4,399.09 µg/ kg · bw aspartame, 1,557.09 µg/kg · bw acesulpham-k, and 2,700.72 µg/kg · bw sucralose per day, and their intake levels as a percentage of ADI were 15.7, 11.0, 10.4, and 18.0%, respectively, which were all within safe levels. Keywords: food additive, sweetener, acceptable daily intake, estimated daily intake 서 론 고감도 감미료는 식품에 강한 단맛을 부여하는 물질로 식품공 학의 관심분야로(1). 오랫동안 식품 중 음료, 과자, 껌 등과 의약 품산업에서 낮은 칼로리를 제공하면서 단맛을 주기 위해 사용되 어 왔으며(2), 최근 비만인구 증가, 고 열량식이에 따른 건강문제 인식 증가, 당뇨병 인구 증가, 치아 우식증 예방 등을 이유로 대 부분의 국가에서 고감도 감미료의 사용이 증가되고 있으나(3,4) 인공감미료의 부정적인 영향에 대한 문제가 끊임없이 제기되고 있다(5-8). 따라서 우리나라는 삭카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 아세설팜 칼륨, 수크랄로스 등의 인공감미료에 대하여 사용 대상 식품 및 사용기준을 제한하고 있으며(9), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA)에서 제시하고 있는 일일허용섭취 량(Acceptable daily intake; ADI)을 적용하고 있다. 각 감미료의 ADI는 삭카린나트륨 5 mg/kg·bw/day, 아스파탐 40 mg/kg·bw/day, 아세설팜칼륨 15 mg/kg·bw/day, 수크랄로스 15 mg/kg·bw/day이다 (10). 호주, 뉴질랜드는 식품섭취패턴조사와 감미료 함량 조사를 통해 삭카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스, 사이클 라메이트의 일일추정섭취량(Estimated daily intake; EDI)을 산출하 였고(11), 이탈리아는 식이빈도조사 및 식이기록조사와 제품표시 또는 생산자에 의해 제공된 감미료 사용수준을 이용하여 삭카린 나트륨, 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 사이클라메이트의 섭취량을 산 출하였다(12). 특히 일본은 1986년부터 현재까지 마켓바스켓 방 법을 이용하여 다양한 식품첨가물의 섭취량을 지속적으로 평가 하고 있다(13-19). 국내에서 인공감미료 섭취량평가는 식품의약품안전청에서 식 품의 종류, 연령 및 성별에 따른 인공감미료에 대하여 사용실태 를 파악하고 식이를 통해 실제 섭취되는 인공감미료의 총 섭취 량을 조사하여 JECFA에서 설정한 일일섭취허용량(ADI)과 비교 검토 함으로서 실제 섭취량과 ADI간 안전 수준을 평가하는 연 구를 수행한 바 있다(1998, 2004)(20,21). 1998년 연구에서는 인공감미료 중 아스파탐, 삭카린나트륨에 대하여 사용대상 식품유형별로 함량을 측정하고 국민건강·영양 조사자료의 식품섭취량을 이용하여 이들 인공감미료에 대한 총 일일추정섭취량(ΣEDI)을 산출하였으며, 이 때 아스파탐은 2.334 mg(ADI 대비 0.106%), 삭카린나트륨은 0.259 mg(ADI 대비 0.094 %)으로 JECFA에서 제시한 일일섭취허용량(ADI)의 1% 미만으로 한국인의 일일섭취량은 안전 하다고 평가된바 있다. 또한 2004년 신규로 지정된 인공감미료인 아세설팜칼륨과 수 크랄로스를 포함하여 인공감미료 4종의 섭취량 추정을 위하여 연 구를 수행한 결과, 국민건강·영양조사자료의 1인 1일 식품별 섭 취량과 인공감미료별 평균검출 농도로부터 산출된 일일추정섭취 량은 삭카린나트륨 4.13 mg/man/day, 아스파탐 3.75 mg/man/day, 아세설팜칼륨 1.25 mg/man/day, 수크랄로스 1.27 mg/man/day로 JECFA에서 제시한 일일섭취허용량인 ADI의 0.2-1.6%으로 평가 되었다.

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Purpose: Vaccinations are recommended throughout life to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases and their sequelae. This study aimed to measure adult vaccination coverage of each vaccines for monitoring adequate vaccination status. So lots of nations have surveyed vaccination coverage by the various measuring methods, and developed immunization policy and program following to these results. This study developed Korean National Immunization Survey method for measuring vaccination coverage adults aged ≥19 years in national and metropolitan level, and then measured real status. Methods: We are consulted Korean national advisory committee about vaccination. We performed the mixed-mode survey which combine the landline and mobile telephone random digit dialing (RDD) telephone interview. The source of information is memory & household-retained vaccination card. And survey population is 7,087 above 19 year olds (cohort born in below 1993). The unit of sampling is each metropolitan and provincial area using minimum sample size determination method (precision 5%p, confidence interval 95%, assumed coverage rate 50%). Results: Influenza vaccination(2012-13 season) coverage adults aged ≥19 years was 34.3% (male 27.4%, female 41.4%). Td/Tdap/Tetanus vaccination (past 10 years) coverage adults aged above ≥19 years was 7.3% (male 10.4%, female 4.3%). Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among adults aged ≥65 years was 23.4%(male 23.7%, female 23.2%). Human papilloma virus vaccination coverage among female adults aged 19-26 years was 28.7%. Conclusion: The adult vaccination coverage rate is inadequate in terms of quantity & quality. To increase adult immunization coverage rate, we have to educate and step up public relations about E 1)