Objective: Because of the highly controversial views about school violence prevention and changes to the Juvenile Care Act, this study was aimed to identify the pathways of bullying perpetration. Methods: The sample for this study included 1,508 families; adolescents (ages 11-18 years) and their parents who participated in the 2013 Panel Study on Korean Children. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Results: Peer violence victimization, a sense of community, internet/mobile phone addiction had direct effects on bullying perpetration. Peer violence victimization and family relationship had indirect effects on bullying perpetration through a sense of community and internet/mobile phone addiction. The effect size (R2) of pathways to bullying perpetration was 19.4%. The results of multigroup analyses comparing young adolescents (11-14 years) and older adolescents (15-18 years) differed by age group. For young adolescents, parental maltreatment had a significant effect on bullying perpetration through internet/mobile phone addiction and a sense of community. For older adolescents, there was a direct effect of parental maltreatment on bullying perpetration. However, for older adolescents, there was no significant effect between internet/ mobile phone addiction and bullying perpetration. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider the experiences of peer violence maltreatment, family relationship, internet/mobile phone addiction, a sense of community as key screening factors for bullying perpetration among adolescents.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Maternal Postpartum Attachment Development Scale (MPAS-K) among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)-experienced mothers. Methods: The MPAS has been widely used to measure maternal emotional bonding or affection toward the child, including NICU-experienced mothers. To investigate the psychometric properties of the instrument, data from 325 mothers having young children (under 0-35 months-of-age) who were placed in the NICUs were collected during November 2017 to January 2018. Results: After exploratory factor analysis the three-subscale model (positive emotions in interactions, perception of less burden of caregiving/parenting, and quality of mother-child interactions) was validated through a confirmatory factor analysis (X 2 /df = 0.97, p = n.s., GFI = 0.98, CFI = 1.00, NFI = .97, TLI = 1.00, RMR = .03, RMSEA = .00). Additionally, the MPAS-K with 14 items demonstrated adequate internal consistency. The concurrent validity was adequate when validated using the Korean language version of the Maternal Attachment Inventory. Conclusion: The MPAS-K has the psychometric properties of validity and reliability to evaluate mother's emotional attachment to her child with experience of being in the NICU in Korea.