Purpose: Corosolic acid (CA), also known as 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, is present in numerous plants, and is reported to exhibit anti-cancer and anti-proliferative activities in various cancer cells such as osteosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and colon cancer. However, the anti-cancer activity of CA on human breast cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of CA in the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Methods: Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis marker protein expression, migration, invasion rate, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were assessed by treating MDA-MB-231 cells to increasing concentrations of CA. Results: The results showed that CA significantly inhibited the cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. To assess the effect of CA on apoptosis, nuclei of MDA-MB-231 cells were stained with DAPI solution. Chromatin condensation, which indicates apoptosis, was observed to increase dose-dependently. In addition, western-blot analysis revealed elevated levels of the apoptosis marker proteins (Bax and cleaved caspase 3) subsequent to MDA-MB-231 exposure to CA. ROS production was also increased in the CA-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 treated cells. Interestingly, CA exposure resulted in significantly decreased migration and invasion rates in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Data further revealed that exposure to CA markedly decreased the VEGF concentration, thereby contributing to a reduction in angiogenesis. Conclusion:Our results determined that exposure to CA induces anti-proliferation, apoptosis, and ROS production, and suppresses cell migration and invasion rate in MDA-MB-231 cells. Taken together, these results indicate the potential of CA to be applied as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treating breast cancer.

No abstract

No abstract

서론 비가역성 하이드로콜로이드 인상재인 알지네이트는 치과영역 에서 가장 많이 사용되는 재료 중 하나이며, 알지네이트 인상으 로 제작된 석고 모형은 치료 계획단계에서 필수적이다. 1-3 알지네 이트 인상재는 취급이 쉽고 믿을만한 재현성을 가지며 경제적이 라는 장점이 있으나, 수분 흡수(imbibition)로 인한 팽창 및 수분 증발과 이액현상(syneresis)으로 인한 수축으로 변형되기 쉬워 체적안정성이 좋지 않다는 단점이 있다. 4 여러 선행연구들에 따 르면 알지네이트 인상체를 100% 습도 환경에서 보관하더라도, 시간이 경과함에 따라 지속적인 인상체 내부에서의 수축과 표면 에서의 지속적인 수분 흡수, 이액현상으로 인해 체적 안정성은 감소하게 된다. 5-7 이전 연구들에서 인상체 보관시간에 따른 체적 안정성을 평가하였는데, 전통적인(conventional) 알지네이트는 인상채득 후 즉시 석고를 주입하는 것이 가장 좋고, 늦어도 30 분 이내에 석고 주입을 추천했다. 8-11 Davies 12 도 알지네이트는 인 장 강도가 낮고, 이수 현상으로 인해 보관 시 체적 안정성이 감소 하기 때문에, 즉시 석고를 주입하는 것이 가장 좋다고 하였으며, Sawyer 등 13 또한 폴리이써 인상재와 비교하여, 하이드로콜로이 드 인상재는 석고 주입 시간이 지남에 따라 변형률이 높으며 적 절한 보관 방법이 없기 때문에, 인상 채득 후 즉시 모형 제작을 권하였다.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the volume stability depending on the mixing methods and storage time for the conventional alginate and extended-pour alginate. Materials and methods: An arch-shaped metal model was fabricated, and one conventional alginate and two extended-pour alginates were used to take impressions using different mixing methods (hand and automatic). 120 impressions were taken (40 per each alginate) and stone models were made in accordance with the different storage times (immediate, 2 days, 5 days, and 6 days). The models were scanned with a 3D table scanner and dimensional change was measured by superimposing the scan data. Using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), the general linear model and Tukey's post hoc test was conducted for statistical analysis (P<.001). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the dimensional accuracy between two mixing methods, and the volume change was minimum when the stone was poured immediately in all groups. Dimensional accuracy showed a statistically significant difference between groups after 2 days of storage, and extended-pour alginate showed higher accuracy after 5 days of storage comparing to conventional one. Large amounts of volume change were showed at 2 -5 days for conventional alginate and at 5 -6 days for extended pour alginate. Conclusion: The mixing method of alginate does not affect volume stability. Although extended-pour alginate has better volume stability than conventional alginate for a long time, it is recommended to pour stone as soon as possible. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2020;58:86-94)