1. 서 론 해양구조물이 특정 위치에 설치되면 약 20년의 운용기간동안 해당 위치에서 자리를 유지할 필요가 있으며 이에 따라 거친 환경 하중 하에서 위치를 유지하기 위한 계류라인의 설계는 매 우 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 부유식 해양구조물의 계류 방법은 현수선 방식(Catenary type)과 인장각식(Taut type)으로 분류할 수 있고 일반적으로 계류라인을 구성하는 체인링크의 피로평가 는 체인링크에 작용하는 인장력의 변화를 통해 수행되어 왔다. 그러나 서아프리카의 Girassol 지역에 설치된 원유하역 부유 구 조물(Offloading buoy)이 운용 235일 만에 파손되는 사건이 발생 하였으며, 이에 대한 많은 분석이 진행된 결과 계류라인의 과도 한 인장력의 증가로 인한 체인링크 간 마찰에 의해 유발되는 면 내외 굽힘(OPB/IPB, Out-of-plane/In-plane bending)이 그 주요 원인으로 지목되었다. 이후 계류라인의 피로 강도 평가 시 면 내외 굽힘의 효과를 고려하기 위한 많은 노력들이 이어져왔다 (Rampi et al., 2016a; Rampi et al., 2016b; Hwang, 2012; Bureau Veritas, 2014; Choung and Han, 2016). Melis et al.(2005)은 면외 굽힘 거동의 역학적 특성을 설명하고 통해 다양한 체인지름과 체인등급의 면외굽힘 응력을 측정하였으며, 면외굽힘 응력과 선인장력(Pretension) 및 링크 간 각도(Interlink angle)의 관계를 밝히고 있다. Vargas and Jean(2005)은 면외 응력과 링크 간 각 도를 구하기 위한 수치해석방법을 제시하고 있으며 Melis et al. (2005)의 실험결과와 비교검증을 수행하였다. Lim et al.(2010)은 수치해석 모델을 통해 마찰계수, 검사하중, 공칭 인장력, 체인지 름의 면외 굽힘 모멘트의 영향을 주는 인자를 확인하였다. Rampi et al.(2016a)와, Rampi et al.(2016b)은 실스케일의 체인 모 델에 대한 다축피로실험을 수행하여 면 내외 굽힘 변형에 의한 체인의 피로강도를 평가하였으며, 실험 모델에 대한 상세한 유 한요소해석을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 경계조건이 서로 다른 3가지 모델을 제시하고 비선형 구조해석을 통해 링크 간 강성(Interlink stiffness) 및 응 력집중계수(Stress concentration factor)를 계산하였다. 또한 대변 형 효과유무, 인장력, 마찰계수의 크기에 따른 링크 간 강성의 민감도를 분석하고 마찰모델과 굽힘모멘트 계산위치에 따른 링 크 간 강성의 영향을 확인하였다.
ABSTRACT:The design of the mooring line to maintain the position of an offshore structure in rough marine environments is recognized as a very important consideration. Conventional fatigue evaluation of a mooring line was performed by considering the tensile force acting on the mooring line, but the mooring line broke after 238 days in the girassol area even though the expected fatigue life was expected to be longer. The causes of this event are known to be due to OPB/IPB (out-of-plane bending/in-plane bending) caused by chain link friction due to the excessive tensile strength of the mooring line. In this study, three models with different boundary conditions were proposed for fatigue analysis of a mooring line considering OPB/IPB. Interlink stiffness was calculated by nonlinear structure analysis and a stress concentration factor was derived. In addition, the sensitivity of interlink stiffness according to the magnitude of tensile force, large deformation effect, and coefficient of friction was analyzed, and the effect of critical elastic slip and bending moment calculation position on interlink stiffness was confirmed.
Because of the high stress concentration near the toe of a welded joint, the calculation of local stress using the finite element method which is relevant to the fatigue strength of the weld toe crack, is a challenging task. This is mainly
This paper addresses experimental methodologies to measure the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of the insulation materials popularly used for LNG cargo containment systems. The measurement techniques considered in this paper are the guarded hot plate (GHP) method and heat flow method (HFM). The former is based on the power supplied to the hot plate to keep the temperature constant, and the latter is based on a direct heat flux measurement. In order to improve the accuracy of the HFM, the thermal conductivity obtained by GHP was cross-compared with the HFM results, and a calibration factor was derived. It was found that the thermal conductivities measured by the two
This paper presents a methodology through which the time series of the dynamic response of mooring line tension can be predicted without relying on a time-consuming nonlinear time-domain analysis. The mooring line tension for the target short-term sea states was predicted using a Hammerstein-Wiener model, a popular system identification scheme, based upon the pre-calculated motion-tension time history data for some selected short-term sea states that do not overlap with the targeted ones. The obtained mooring line tension was further processed, and a fatigue damage comparison was made between the predicted and calculated values. The results showed that the predicted time series of the mooring line tension matched the calculated one fairly well. Thus, it is expected that the methodology may be employed to enhance the efficiency of mooring line tension analysis.
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