Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the active ingredients extracted from red ginseng, and it is an effective chemical component of the human body and well known in herbal medicine as a restorative agent. Several studies have shown that Rg3 has a potent anti-tumor effect on various cancer cell lines. However, Rg3-induced apoptosis in B16F10 melanoma cancer cells is not well understood. In the present study, we tested whether ginsenoside Rg3 could induce apoptosis in B16F10 melanoma cells. We found that Rg3 could inhibit B16F10 melanoma cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, but not normal cells, such as EA.hy.926 and NIH3T3 cells. We also found that Rg3 could induce apoptosis in B16F10 melanoma cells using tunnel-staining assay in a dose-dependent manner. Rg3 treatment induces the phosphorylation of p38 and the expression of Bax, but it inhibits the expressions of the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase Bcl2 and pro-caspase3. Taken together, our data suggest that Rg3 could be useful as an anti-cancer agent in B16F10 melanoma cells.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aural habilitation using the smartphone applications of auditory memory skills for children with cochlear implants. Methods: Three children with cochlear implants (CIs) between the ages of 3 and 8 years participated in this study. The children attended the intervention using the smartphone applications once a week for 5 weeks. We evaluated their auditory memory skills before and after intervention, and analyzed the data using a one-group pretest and posttest design. The child's mother attended the survey for evaluating the educational effectiveness and satisfaction from the aural habilitation using the applications. Results: There were significant accuracy increases in the categorical items of auditory memory tasks. The intervention effect was not significant for auditory memory accuracy in the non-categorical items. There were individual differences in mother's perceived educational effectiveness and satisfaction with the intervention using the applications. Conclusion: The current study suggests that aural habilitation using the smartphone applications is effective and useful in improving auditory memory skills for children with CIs.