In this study, we set an optimum blanching condition as a pretreatment condition to freeze welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) for the purpose of preserving the cooking material for long-term usage. With higher blanching temperature and longer processing time, the Hunter color values and the hardness of welsh onion tended to decrease, which confirmed softening of the tissue. Compared to before blanching, total bacterial counts decreased to near 2 log scale, whereas coliforms were not detected or decreased to a 1-2 log scale. Blanching by heating at 100 o C for 5 min decreased peroxidase inactivity to more than 94%, whereas only 47% of the inactivity was achieved at 80 o C for 1 min. The sensory evaluation for the blanched and defrosted welsh onion showed that the group blanched at 80 o C for 1 min was preferred significantly (p<0.05).

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Sulgidduk samples were prepared with substitutions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% Queso blanco cheese powder (QBCP) to rice flour basic formulation, along with a control, were then compared in terms of quality characteristics including moisture content, external surface appearance, color, textural characteristics, and sensory analysis, in order to determine the optimal ratio of formulation. Moisture contents were not significantly different among the Sulgidduk samples. For external surface appearance, as QBCP content increased, darkness and yellowness increased. With regard to color, lightness decreased with increasing QBCP content, while redness and yellowness increased. In terms of textural characteristics, hardness, gumminess, and springiness increased as QBCP content increased. The control group had significantly higher fracturability than the QBCP samples. Adhesiveness was highest at the 5% QBCP substitution level, while lowest at the 20% level. Cohesiveness was minimal the 10% QBCP sample, not significantly different among the QBCP samples. Chewiness and resilience were not significantly different among the QBCP samples. In sensory evaluation, color, flavor, and overall acceptability decreased, while softness not significantly different among the QBCP samples. Cheese flavor, saltness, milk fat taste, moistness and off-flavor increased with increasing QBCP content.

Quality characteristics of tomato jam added with 15, 25, 35 and 50% fructo-oligosaccharide substituted for sucrose were evaluated. As the amount of fructo-oligosaccharide increased, the moisture content and total titratable acidity of tomato jam increased, whereas pH and spreadness decreased. In the results of color and texture analysis, lightness (L * ), redness (a * ) and yellowness (b * ) in addition to adhesiveness and resilience increased when fructo-oligosaccharide was added up to 50% of the total tomato weight. In the sensory evaluation, values of flavor, transparency, sweetness, and off-flavor decreased as fructo-oligosaccharide content increased, whereas tomato flavor, sourness and stickiness increased. Overall acceptance of tomato jam added with 25～35% fructo-oligosaccharide was the highest among all of the samples.

Adherence to immunosuppressants is the key to prevent organ rejection in organ transplant recipients. The purpose of this study was to investigate current interventions to improve adherence to immunosuppressants in liver transplant recipients. Methods: A systemic literature search was done using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and four Korean databases to identify experimental studies reported in English or Korean up to and including 2015. We identified eight intervention studies on the adherence to immunosuppressants in liver transplant recipients independently reviewed by two reviewers. The quality and risk of bias of the selected studies were assessed. Results: Education, conversion of regimen, and text messaging were identified as intervention techniques to improve adherence. We found positive results in three out of four studies implementing educational strategies, but the results were not sufficient to draw a definite conclusion. Conversion from a twice-daily tacrolimus-based regimen to a once-daily tacrolimus extended-release formula was used in three adult-only studies and its effectiveness was confirmed. One study showed that improved adherence and outcomes were effected by using text messaging with pediatric patients. Conclusion: Future research is needed to facilitate interventions to improve adherence to immunosuppressants in various ages of patients including pediatric/adolescent liver transplant recipients.