This study was conducted to establish an efficient screening method to identify cucurbits resistant to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew fungus was obtained from a single lesion of infected cucumber leaf in 2010 at Daejeon. The fungus was identified as Podosphaera xanthii race 1 based on morphological characteristics and resistance responses of four melon differentials. Development of powdery mildew caused by the fungal isolate on 34 commercial cultivars of cucumber was investigated at three plant growth stages in a greenhouse. The degree of resistance of cotyledons of each cultivar to the fungus was not correlated with that of whole plant, but powdery mildew occurrence in the first true leaf was highly correlated with resistance at the level of the whole plant. Based on these results, the first true leaf of cucurbit cultivars can be used for screening of resistance to powdery mildew. In addition, variation of resistance of commercial 12 cucumber and 26 melon cultivars to the powdery mildew fungus due to different growing seasons was tested. In the case of cucumber, the resistance response in some cultivars was influenced by growing season. The resistant cultivars showed higher resistance in the warm season than in the cool season. By contrast, the resistant melon cultivars demonstrated strong resistance in all the tested growing seasons. Interestingly, the tested powdery mildew pathogen, a member of P. xanthii race 1, was not pathogenic on seven cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). To follow up on this, diverse race 1 isolates of P. xanthii should be collected and tested.

Although non-vitamin K-antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) reduce major bleeding events in patients with atrial fibrillation more effectively than does warfarin, a significant bleeding risk remains. Patients exhibiting current bleeding and those who are expected to bleed require appropriate management, because NOAC discontinuation may increase the thromboembolic risk. This article details general management principles for patients experiencing current bleeding and those undergoing invasive surgery while on NOACs.

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Purpose: Although many previous studies related to sentence recognition of the hearing-impaired elderly have found their poor performance under various distracting listening conditions, there is still a lack of information for their error type in the sentence. The purpose of present study was to analyze a prominent error type among nine parts of speech in various levels of noise and fast speech conditions for the hearing-impaired elderly. Methods: Seven old listeners with moderate sensorineural hearing loss participated. For estimating their sentence recognition, Korean Speech Perception in Noise was applied for four signal-to-noise ratios (no noise, +6, +3, 0 dB) and four time alteration conditions (±30%, ±15%), while being presented at the most comfortable level to each participant. Total percent error and substitution error patterns of the sentence recognition were analyzed as a function of conditions. Results: The percent error of sentence recognition was increased as either noise level increased or speech rate was faster. Among the parts of speech, noun substitution error pattern showed the highest number for all participants regardless levels of noise and time alteration. Interestingly, the noun substitution error pattern was outstood in quiet and 15% time compression. Conclusion: Results of the present study suggest that aural rehabilitation of the hearing-impaired elderly may focus on reducing and correcting the noun substitution error to improve their sentence recognition.

In order to develop environment friendly fungicide for the control of citrus green mold (Penicillium digitatum) using endophytic bacteria, the 21 bacterial isolates were isolated from citrus leaves in seven different orchards in Jeju Province. Among the 21 bacterial isolates, 5 bacterial isolates presented antifungal activity against green mold pathogen P. digitatum. The CB3 isolate, which showed the most strong antagonistic effect, was selected through opposite culture against the pathogen. The rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium CB3 was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on morphological, physiological characteristics, 16S rDNA, and gyr A gene sequence analysis. The isolate CB3 showed strong antifungal activity against two citrus postharvest pathogen P. digitatum. Citrus fruits were treated by wound inoculation with P. digitatum pathogen, and the control efficacy of CB3 culture broth was 66.7% (1 × 10 8 cfu/ml). In conclusion, The stability of CB3 and its strong antifungal activity also lead us to believe that it has potential for application as an environment friendly biological control agent.