“…Passive use of social networking sites is an adverse factor for sleep disorders in adolescents. Passive use of social networking sites reduces adolescents' sleep quality (Bouwman, 2021), disrupts their sleep patterns (Mastin et al, 2017), causes sleep disorders (Polos et al, 2015), and hinders students' normal life and ability to study. After controlling both web browsing and iPad light levels, however, Bowler and Bourke (2019) demonstrated that passive social network use was related to the iPad light level instead of healthy sleep.…”